IGITABO CY’ AMAHUGURWA KU KONGERERA AGACIRO AMASHU ATUKURA N’ UBUZIRANENGE

Iriburiro ku isukura, kugabanya umubyimba no gukuraho ibice bitaribwa

3.1 Gusukura

Gusukura ni kimwe mubikorwa by’ ingenzi bigomba ku mboga haba mu murima no ku makusanyirizo mbere yo kugurisha amashu atukura ku isoko ry’ imbere mu gihugu cyangwa isoko mpuzamahanga.  Kimwe mu by’ ingenzi ni ugutoranya no gushyira mu byiciro bikorewe mu murima. Gutoranya bivuze gukuramo izangiritse, izafashwe n’ ibyonnyi ndetse n’ amashu atukura ateze neza. Amashu atukura yangiritse ashobora gutandukanywa n’ ateze neza ndetse n’ amashu afite ubunini bwifuzwa.  Igikorwa cyo gutoranya no gushyira mu byiciro gifasha cyane mu gukuramo amashu yose yashobora gutuma andi abora vuba.   

 

Gusukura bigomba gukoreshwa amazi meza atemba kugirango hakurweho ibitaka cyangwa ibindi bisigazwa byose byaba bifashe ku ishu. Gusukura bigomba gukorwa hakoreshjwe amazi arimo 2% by’ umunyu (akayiko 1 k’ isukari mu gikombe cy’ amazi). Ayo mazi afasha gukuraho ibinyabitabire cyangwa utunyorogoto bishobora kuba bifashe inyuma ku ishu cyangwa utunyorogoto.

3.2 Gukuraho ibice bitaribwa

Ishusho 2: igice cy’ ishu ritukura ryakaswemo kabiri

Ibice bitaribwa by’ amashu atukura bishobora kuba intandaro ya hafi yo kwanduza indwara no gukomereka.  Ibyo bice bitaribwa bigomba gukurwaho hakoreshejwe ibikoresho byo mu gikoni bidahenze nk’ icyuma. Gukuraho ibice bitaribwa bigomba gukorwa hitegerezwa neza nib anta bubore cyangwa gutakaza ibara cyangwa gufatwa n’ ibyonnyi. Ku mashu atukura agomba gujyanwa mu masoko ya kure kandi agomba guhunikwa igihe kirekire, ni ngombwa cyane kwitonda no gukuraho igice icyo aricyo cyose kigaragaza ububore.

Ibi byose bigomba gukorwa hirindwa kubangamira umwimerere w’ umutwe w’ ishu.

 

 

3.3 gukata cyangwa kugabanya umubyimba

Ishusho 3: ishu ritukura risatuwemo

Isoko: (Harvard Health publishing, 2020)

 

Bitewe n’ icyo ishu ryifuzwa kuzakoreshwa, gustura no kugabanya umubyimba  w’ ishu ritukura bishobora gukorehwa ibikoresho bisanzwe nk’ icyuma cyo mu gikoni cyangwa akamasnini ko mu gikoni gakata. Kuberako ibikoresho bikata biba bityaye, ni ngombwa kwitonda kugirango udakomeretsa intoki. Hari kandi ibikoresho byo gukata biboneka ku isoko nk’ iki kigaragara hano munsi

Ishusho 4: akamashini gakata imboga

Isoko: (Google Images, 2020)

3.4 Akamaro k’ amashu atukura ku buzima bw’ umuntu

1. Kuba yifitemo amazi menshi ku kigero cya 91% by’ uburemere butoshye bituma zikucagurika.
2. Amashu atukura yifitemo ingano ihagije y'utugozi ku kigero hafi 11% by’ uburemere bwumye. Utu tugozi dufasha urwungano rw’ igogora kugira ubuzima bwiza.
3. Amashu atukura ashobora kubamo hafi kalori 28
4. Amashu atukura yifitemo amavuta ashobora kuba isoko y’ ingufu mu gihe ibinyamafufu byabaye bike mu mubiri
5. Izi mboga ni isoko ry’ ibinyabutabire birwanya kwangirika kw’ ingingo
6. Imboga zifitemo ingano nke ariko ikwiye kwitabwaho ya zinke, kalisiyumu, manyesiyumu na fosifore

 

3.5 Imbogamizi mu guhinga amashu atukura

N’ ubwo amashu atukura afite akamaro gakomeye mu buzima bwacu, guhinga iki gihingwa akenshi bihura n’ imbogamizi nyinshi mu ruhererekane ngenagaciro rwayo. Zimwe muri izo  mbagamizi zirimo:

1. Kutamera kw’ ingemwe, konwa kw’ ingemwe, imizi idakura – ibi bishobora kwirindwa hakoreshejwe ivu ry’ ibiti cyangwa guhitamo neza ibikoresho by’ibanze.
2. Kubora kw’ imbuto cyangwa zikavamo uruti rwuzuye amazi yirabura uko zigenda zimera – kudatera mu gihe cy’ ubukonje no kureba neza ko ubutaka buhitisha amazi neza kandi butarimo uduhumyo two mu butaka.  
3. Ingemwe zironwa cyangwa zigakatwa hafi y’ ubutaka – kwirinda ko mu murima habamo ibyatsi no kugenzurako nta dusimba dukata ingemwe turi mu murima
4. Ibishibuka ntibikura cyangwa bikuma; ibidomo byirabura ku mababi – kwirinda ko igihingwa kirangwaho ibisigazwa by’ ibihingwa no kwitwararika ko ubutaka butarekamo amazi
5. Kurabya kw’ amashu akiri mato. Ubukonje butuma amashu arabya akiri mato no kwera imbuto aho kurema imitwe.  Kurinda ibihingwa ubukonje bukabije hakoreshejwe kuzitwikiriza igipfuko kitazifasheho   
6. Ibidomo bidafite ishusho bias n’ umuhondo kugeza ku kigina ku ruhande rwo hejuru rw’ ikibabi ; ifu y’ ikijuju cyangwa uruhumbu ku gice cyo munsi cy’ ikibabi – kwita cyane ku gutuma umwuka uhita neza mu murima no gukoresha ubwoko budafatwa n’ iyi ndwara.
7. Ibibabi bihinduka umuhondo; ibihingwa bigwingira; utudomo duto tw’ umweru tubengerana ku mizi. Akanyorogoto – gusimburanya imyaka mu murima wirinda gukutikiranya ibihingwa byo mu bwoko bw’ amashu.
8. Ibibabi bimeze nk’ ibyakajanguwe kandi binanutse, ibinyamushongo birya ibibabi – gutoragura utwo dukoko nijoro, gukoresha imitego ya byeri kugira
9. Imitwe irasaduka ikiyasa. Amazi menshi, azote nyinshi – ibigingwa bigomba bitose ku kigero kingana, kwirinda ubutaka butose n’ uburimo kumagara. Ntushyiremo amazi menshi.

4. Amahame n’ uburyo bwo kongerera agaciro umusaruro    

4.1Kurinda umusaruro kwangirika n’ uburyo bishobora gukorwamo

Nyuma yo gusarura no gusukura amashu atukura, bigendanye n’ ingano y’ ibyasaruwe, ashobora guhita aribwa cyangwa kurindwa, kubikwa no gutwarwa ku isoko mpuzamahanga.  Imboga zishobora kuribwa ari mbisi cyangwa zitetse.   Imboga zisukurwa mu mazi arimo 2% by’ umunyu kugirango hakurweho utunyorogoto n’ ibinyabutabire. Imboga zisukuye zigomba kunyura mu buryo bukwiriye bwo gufata neza umusaruro kugirango hirindwe gutakaza umusaruro.  Ku mashu atukura, kuba arimo amazi menshi, kuyarinda kwangirika bisaba uburyo bwo kugabanya amazi.  Kugabanya amazi mu mboga bizagabanya imikorere y’ uruboga ikenera amazi ndetse n’ ikigero ibinyabutabire bikorwamo bityo bigabanye kwangirika k’ umusaruro.

 

4.1.1 Gutoranya no gushyira mu byiciro ku murima

Zikiri mu murima, hagomba kurebwa neza niba imboga zuzuje ubuziranenge hitabwa cyane ku kigero cyo kwera kw’ imboga, ingano y’ umutwe w’ ishu, n’ imiterere y’ umutwe w’ ishu muri rusange. Ni ngombwa kugenzura nib anta bubore burimo cyangwa kwangizwa n’ udukoko ku mashu atukura. Imboga zitujuje ubuziranenge zigomba gukurwamo.

4.1.2 Gukataho

Zikiri mu murima, ni ngombwa gukuraho amababi y’ umurengera hagasigara amababi yo kurinda umutwe w’ ishu. Hafi amababi ane arahagije. Hagomba kandi kugenzurwa niba umutwe w’ ishu utaratakaje ibara. Ayatakaje ibara agomba gukurwamo.

4.1.3 Gutoranya no gushyira mu byiciro

Nyuma yo kugabanya amababi, amashu atukura agomba guhita atoranywa akanashyirwa mu byiciro.  Gutoranya no gushyirwa mu byiciro bikorwa mu nzego eshatu, ni ukuvuga ikiciro cya 1, icyiciro cya 2, icyiciro cya 3. Ibi byiciro bitandukanye bigurwa ku biciro bitandukanye ku isoko.

4.1.4 Gupfunyika

Gupfunyika amashu yasaruwe ni imwe mu ntambwe z’ ingenzi mu kugabanya gutakara k’ umusaruro. Akenshi, umusaruro mwinshi utakara mu gihe cy’ ibikorwa ku musaruro nyuma yo gusarura. Bitewe n’ uko buri wese apfunyika umusaruro we, umusaruro ushobora kwangirika ari muke cyangwa ari mwinshi. Igikoresho igipfunyika gikozwemo n’ uburyo gupfunyika bikorwa bigira ingaruka cyane inzira yo gupfunyika n’ ubuziranenge bw’ ishu ritukura ripfunyitswe.

4.2 Kwanika nk’ uburyo bwo kurinda ishu ritukura kwangirika

Amashu atukura nyuama yo gusarurwa agomba gusukurwa, gushyirwa mu byiciro nokugananywa ingano. Amashu amaze kugananywa ingano rero anyura mu buryo butandukanye bwo kuyarinda kwangirika. Bumwe mu buryo bwo kurnda amashu kwangirika ni ukugabanya amazi ari mu ishu binyuze mu kwanika cyangwa gukura amazi mu mashu atukura. Amashu atukura yakatswe ashobora kwanikwa ku zuba, kwanikwa mi ifuru cyangwa hakoreshejwe ingufu z’imirasire y’ izuba. Igikorwa cyo gukuramo amazi kigabanya imikorere y’ ingingo ikenera amazi bityo bikagabanya kwangirika kwaterwa na za mikorobe cyangwa ibikorerwa mu ngingo bikenera anzime.

 

4.3 Gukonjesha  nk’ uburyo bwo kurinda ishu ritukura kwangirika

Gukonjesha ni uburyo bwo gushyira amashu atukura ku giimo cy’ ubushyuhe cyo hasi kugirango hirindwe kwangirika kwa nyuma y’ isarura. Gukonjesha akenshi bikorwa ku gipimo cy’ ubushyuhe cya degree selisiyusi 4. Iki gipimo cy’ ubushyuhe ni gito bhagije kugirango kibuze za mikorobe gukor no kororoka, imikorere y’ ingingo ikenera amazi ndetse n’ ikoresha za anzime. Gusa, amazi yabaye urubura yangiza umwimerere w’ amashu atukura.  

4.4 Ikoranabuhanga rya Sauerkraut ku mashu atukura

Sauerkraut ni uburyo bwo kurinda amashu kwangirika hifashshijwe umusemburo wa za bagiteri za aside lagitike (lactic acid bacteria). Amashu atukura arakatagurwa, akaminjagirwaho umunyu ubundi bakayareka agasemburwa. Amashu acagaguwe yasembuye neza ashobora kubikwa amezi menshi igihe abitswe mu gikoresho gifunze neza ku gipim cy’ ubushyuhe bwa dogere selisiyusi 15 cyangwa munsi yazo. Gusembura hakoreshejwe bagiteri ya ‘’lactic bacilli’’ byikora mu buryo karemano.  

 

 

 

5. Ikoranabuhanga mu kongerera umusaruro agaciro

5.1 Iriburiro

Kongerera agaciro umusaruro w’ amashu atukura ni ingenzi cyane kuko iki gihingwa kigira igihe cy’ umwero, biashoboka kuginga mashu atukura no kuyabona ku isoko igihe icyo ari cyose cy’ umwaka. Ni ngombwa rero cyane kongerera amashu atukura agaciro kugirango zishobore kuboneka igihe kirekire. Imboga zongererewe agaciro zishakwa cyane cyane n’ abasirikari ariko muri ibi bihe, abaguzi bita cyane ku byo barya kubera impinduka ziftika ziba mu buryo bwo kubaho, abaguzi bakenera ibyo bahita bateka cyangwa ibishya vuba. 

5.2  Amashu atukura asembuye

Amashu asembuye ategurwa nk’ uo twabivuze haruguru kuri 4.4. Amashu  atukura asembuye ashobora kubikwa igihe kirekire.

5.3 Amashu atukura yumishijwe

Igikorwa cyo gukura amazi mu mashu ni igikorwa gifasha mu kugabanya akazi k’ amazi, kororoka kwa za mikorobe n’ ibikorwa bikenera za anzime. Igikorwa cyo kuvanamo amazi gishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe kumuha hakoreshejwe ingufu z’ imirasire y’ izuba, kumishiriza mu ifuru no kwanika ku zuba. Hashobora kongerwamo umunyu kugirango hihutishwe igikorwa cyo kuvanamo amazi .

 

Ishusho 5: Amashu atukura yumishijwe

isoko: (Google Images, 2020)

 

 

5.4 Bimwe mu bikomoka ku mashu yongerewe agaciro

Hari ubwoko bwinshi by’ ibintu bishobora gukurwa mu mashu atukuraharimo, ariko bitagarukiye ku: amashu asembuye, amashu yumishijwe, na salade z’ amashu.

Ishusho 6: isosi y’ amashu atukura yongerewe agaciro

Isoko:  (connect.naturalproducts.expo.com, 2020)

 

 

6. Iriburiro ku kugenzura ubuziranenge 0783096352

6.1 Iriburiro

Guhinga ibikomoka ku mboga n’ imbuto giyoborwa n’ amabwiriza, amategeko n’ amahame.  Hari amategeko rusange agenga gushyiramo ifumbire kandi ku bihingwa mu buryo budakoresha ibinyabutabire, amabwiriza abuza gukoresha amafumbire mvaruganda. Mu rwego rwo gukumira iterabwoba rikoresha ibinyabuzima n’ akarengane mu bucuruzi haba ku rwego rw’ imbere mu gihugu, haba no ku rwego mpuzamahanga, hari ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge bisobanutse bigenga ubuhinzi ndetse n’ ubucuruzi  bw’ amashu atukura ndetse n’ ubuhinzi muri rusange.  Kugirango ubucuruzi bukorwe uko bikwiye kandi bugende neza , haba imbere mu gihugu no ku rwego mpuzamahanga, ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge bw’ ibiribwa ni kimwe mu bigenderwaho biyobora ku bikwiye gucuruzwa. Iipimo by’ ubuziranenge akenshi bishyirwaho n’ impande birebwa bigendeye ku mahame rusange y’ ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge. 

 

ishusho 7: Ikirango cy’ ikigo cy’ igihugu gitsura ubuziranenge

Isoko: (Mucuruzi.com, 2020)

 

Ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge akenshi bikorwa ku bushake kandi bishingiye ku bwumvikane by’ impande bireba. Ariko rero, igihe igipimo cyamaze gushyirwaho, kiba itegeko ku mpande zose kugirango bitwararike ko ibicuruzwa byabo byujuje ibipimo.  Gushyiraho ibipimo bireba inzira zinyurwamo mu kugena ibipimo, gusakaza no gukoresha ibipimo by’ubuziranenge. Ibipimo birinda abaguzi kandi bigashyiraho umurongo usobanutse w’ ibisabwa abahinzi n’ abacuruzi bagomba kwitwararika. Ikimenyetso cy’ ubuziranenge cy’ u Rwanda (ishusho ya 8) gikoreshwa hagaragazwa ibicuruzwa byakorewe ubugenzuzi  (Rwanda Standard Board, 2020).

 

Ishusho 8: ikimenyetso kigaragazako igicuruzwa cyakorewe isuzuma ry’ ubuziranenge mu Rwanda

Isoko: (RSB.Gov.rw, 2020)

6.2 Amahame shingiro y’ ubugenzuzi bw’ ubuziranenge

Ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge bigira umumaro mu korohereza ubucuruzi. Ibipimo bikozwe ku buhake bishobora kugengwa n’ itegeko no gukoreshwa nk’ ishingiro ry’ amasezerano hagati y’ ukora ibicuruzwa n’ umuguzi. Ibipimo bigomba kugaragaza ku buryo busobanutse buri kimwe mu bisabwa kandi ibisabwa bikaba bishobora gupimwa ku buryo bworoshye kandi butomoye.  Mu buhinzi no mu nganda z’ ibiribwa, ibyo ibipimo byibandaho cyane ni:

1. ikoreshamagambo- ibipimo bigomba kuba byanditse mu rurimi rwumvwa n’ abo bireba bose. Uburyo bwo gutanga ubutumwa bugomba gukorwa nta mbogamizi zijemo ku mpande zose bireba. (Business Topia, 2020) Icyarabu, ikiyapani, ikidage, igiorutigali, ikinyaswede, icyongereza, igifaransa, icyespanyole, igitaliyani, igishinwa,…  

   

   Ishusho 9: ibipimo by’ubuziranenge bigomba kwandikwa mu rurimi ruhuriweho, rwumvwa n’ impande zose

   Isoko: (Business Topia, 2020)

2. Uburyo bwo guhitamo ishantiyo – uburyo bwo guhitamo ishantiyo bugomba kuba buboneye, kugaragaza ubuziranenge, kuzuza ubuziranenge, kugenzura ubuziranenge no kumenya kwita ku buziranenenge hitawe ku bintu bitandukanye bishobora kugira ingaruka ku ubuziranenge.
3. Imiterere n’ icyiciro cy’ igicuruzwa- ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge bw’ ibiribwa bigomba kugaragaza imiterere ya buri kintu kigize ikiribwa. Ikigero ntarengwa bigomba gushyirwaho ku buryo bunoze kandi bigasobanurwa ku buryo butagirwaho impaka.
4.  Ibisabwa ku gutegura amshu atukura, kuyatwara no kuyahunika – ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge bigomba kugaragaza  ibipfunyika ku kiribwa runaka. Ibyangombwa mu kuyategura, kuyatwara no kuyahunika ndetse n’ igihe bizafata mbere y’ uko amashu yangirika   (Tata Motors, 2020).

Ishusho 10: imodoka itwaye imboga zipanze neza

Isoko: (Tata Motors, 2020)

 

6.3             Ubuziranenge bw’ ibiribwa n’ ibipimo bikoreshwa

Ubuziranenge bw’ ibiribwa bureba inzira zose ibiribwa binyuramo kugirango bibe bitagira ingaruka mbi ku muguzi wa nyuma igihe byitaweho kandi byateguwe mu buryo bunoze. Ubuziranenge bw’ ibiribwa rero bugira uruhare rukomeye mu ruhererekane ngenagaciro, kuva mu murima kugeza ku isahani. Hariho amoko atandukanye y’ ibipimo by’ubuziranenge bw’ ibiribwa harimo.: ibipimo by’ imibare (gutanga umubare ntarengwa wa buri kimwe cyose kigize ikiribwa), ibipimo by’ inzira y’ itunganywa ry’ ikiribwa ( umuyoboro w’ uko ikiribwa kigomba gufatwa mu ruhererekane ngenagaciro; ibipimo by’ imitunganirize byita cyane ku buryo ikiribwa kitabwaho.

Ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge bikoreshwa mu ruhererekane ngenagaciro ku mashu atukura bigizwe, ariko ntibigarukira gusa:

 

• HACCP-  ubu ni uburyo ikiribwa gikorwamo bikorwa n’ abatunganya ikiribwa mu gufasha gukurikirana buri ntambwe yose ikiribwa kinyuramo
• Ibikorwa binoze byo gukora ikiribwa – ibikorwa binoze byo gukora ikiribwa biyobora  ukora ikiribwa ku bisabwa mbere n’ ibyitezwe n’ ikigo gitunganya ibiribwa kugirango bibe bifite ubuziranenge bwo hejuru.
• Ibipimo bya ISO -  ni ibipimo mpuzamahanga bikoreshwa mu kwemeza ubuziranenge bw’ ibikomoka ku buhinzi n’ ibindi bigo. Hariho ibipimo bya ISO bisobanutse neza kuri buri bwoko bw’ ibikorwa runaka.

6.4 Iby’ ifatizo biranga ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge

Ihame rusange rigenga ibigize igipimo cy’ ubuziranenge rigomba kuba rigizwe na:

 

6.4.1 Uburyo bwo gusuzuma buri igisabwa

Igipimo kinoze kigomba kugena ku buryo busobanutse uko igisabwa cyose gisuzumwa, urugero, niba ikigero cy’ amazi ari mu kiribwa agomba kuba munsi ya 14% nk’ uo biri ku binyampeke byinshi kandi igipimo kinoze kigomba kugaragaza uburyo bwo gupima ikigero cy’ amazi ari mu kiribwa, akenshi uburyo bwa AOAC.  

6.4.2 Kwirinda isubiramo

Igipimo kigomba kuba kihariye aho  kuba ipiganwa. Igipimo cy’ ubuziranenge kigomba kuba gisobanuye neza kandi icyatera kutumvikana neza cyangwa kwisubiramo kigomba kwirindwa. Ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge bigomba kugira uburyo bumwe bisobanurwamo. Isubiramo akenshi riganisha ku kugoreka ubutumwa butangwa. Hakenewe ko ubutumwa butangwa mu buryo buhamye kandi bugufi  (Swoosh English, 2020)

 

Ishusho 11: Kwirinda kwisubiramo

Isoko: (SwooshEnglish, 2020)

 

6.4.3 Ubundi buryo bw’ isuzuma

Ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge binoze bitanga uburyo burenze bumwe bwo kugenzura igisabwa cyose urugero, ibipimo binoze bitnga uburyo burenze bumwe bwo gupima uburemere bw’ ikintu runaka. Ibi bifasha impande bireba koroherana no gukoresha uburyo budahenze  kandi buboneka mu gupima buri gisabwa.

 

6.4.4 Agaciro kagomba gutangazwa n’ uwakoze igicuruzwa

Ibipimo binoze by’ ubuziranenge bigomba kugaragaza cyane ibisabwa bigomba gutangazwa n’ uwakoze igicuruzwa. Ibi bizafasha mu gikorwa cyo kugenzura igicuruzwa. Hagomba rero kuenzurwa ikigero cy’ ibisabwa hakurikijwe ibipimo ndetse no kugenzura ko bihuye n’ uko uwakoze igicuruzwa yabitangaje.

 

6.4.5 Gushyira mu bikorwa amahame shngiro y’ ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge

Ibipimo binoze bigomba kugaragaza ku buryo busobanutse neza uburyo bwo kubishyira mu bikorwa n’ ibisabwa. Ibi bigomba kuvugwa mu rurimi abafite aho bahuriye nabyo bose bumva kandi bikaba bifite uburyo bumwe bwo gusobanurwa. Hagomba kwitabwa ku kwirinda gukoresha imigereka na/cyangwa ntera ndafutura. Hakenewe ko ibintu kurasa ku ijambo.

 

6.4.6 Kwirinda kugira ikintu kimwe inshuro ebyiri

Igihirahiro mu gihe ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge bitegurwa ntikihanganirwa. Kugira ikintu kimwe inshuro ebyiri bigomba kwirindwa. Ibipimo bigomba kwandikwa mu buryo buhamye.

6.4.7 Kuranga isoko y’ ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge

Hariho ibipimo mpuzamahanga byashyizweho n’ ibigo nka CODEX kimwe n’ ikigo cy’ igihugu gitsura ubuziranenenge, mu gihe cyo gutegura inyandiko y’ ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge , hagomba kugaragazwa neza ibitabo byifashishijwe.

6.5 Akamaro k’ ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge

1. Ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge byandikwa kugirango huzuzwe ubuziranenge no kudahindagurika 
2. Kugabanya ikiguzi no kongera ubwisanzure 
3. Ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge biteza imbere ubucuruzi bwo mu gihugu na mpuzamahanga (korohereza ubucuruzi).
4. Ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge bishobora kuba ibishingirwaho mu kumvikana kw’ impande zombi
5. Ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge bishobora gukoreshwa nk’ igikoresho cyo koroshya ubwumvikane, ibipimo, ubucuruzi no gukora ibicuruzwa.

 

 

7. Gukurikirana igicuruzwa

7.1 Iriburiro

Igicuruzwa kinoze kandi gikozwe neza kibutsako uburyo bwo gukurikirana inzira cyanyuzemo ari ngombwa kugirango kubahiriza amabwiriza mpuzamahanga arebana n’ ibiribwa ndetse n’ amabwiriza y’ imbere mu gihugu bibe byizewe.  Gukura k’ ubucuruzi bw’ imboga gukeneye uburyo bukwiye bwo gukurikirana igicuruzwa. Ubushobozi bw’ umushinga ubyara inyungu cyangwa ifamu bwo gukurikirana inzira z’ ibikomoka ku buhinzi bitandukanye ( ibikoresho by’ ibanze, ibigize ibiribwa, n’ ibicuruzwa byamaze gutunganywa) kuri buri ntambwe yose y’ uruhererekane ngenagaciro (kuva mu murima kugera ku isahani) ni ngombwa kuko itegerezwa guhaza kwifuza kw’ abaguzi. Gahunda nziza yo gukurikirana igicuruzwa igomba kwita cyane ku gukoresha uburyo bwa interineti hamwe no gukoresha amakodi mu gufasha ikorwa ry’ igicuruzwa   (Dingley, 2020).gahunda nziza y’ igicuruzwa itanga inyungu zikurikira:

 

Ishusho 12: gukurikirana igicuruzwa, kwitegereza ibicuruzwa (Dingly, 2016)

 

7.1.1 Umutekano w’ ibiribwa

Hamwe na gumamurugo yazanywe na COVID-19 ndetse no kudashobora guteganya  icyorezo icyo ari cyose gishobora kwaduka igihe icyo ari cyose, uturere dushishikarizwa guhinga ibiribwa byatwo.  Igihe cya gumamurugo giheruka cyatumye habaho ubucuruzi bw’ imbere mu gihugu n’ ubwo mu karere cyane cyane n’ ibihugu bya Afurika. Bityo rero, ibipimo b’ ubuzirnenge Bihari byagize akamaro cyane mu kumenya ko ibicuruzwa haba imbere mu gihugu cyangwa hanze yacyo byubahirije amabwiriza (Bethan, 2020). Kugirango hirindwe ko ibiribwa byahumana ntihashoborwe gukurikiranwa vuba aho uko guhumana kwaturutse, gushyiraho uburyo burambuye byo gukurikirana inzira zose igicuruzwa kinyuramo bikwiye gutezwa imbere.  Gukurikirana ibiribwa. Gukurikirana ikiribwa bituma bishoboka gukurikirana ikiribwa kuva ku bikorehswa by’ ibanze kugeza ku gicuruzwa kirangiye. Gukurikira igicuruzwa bituma ikorwa ry’ ibiribwa bikurikiza amabwiriza ya HACCP yerekeye igicuruzwa runaka.  Iyo ibyakoreshejwe byse mu gukora igicuruzwa runaka bizwi n’ aho ibikoresho by’ ibanze byaturutse gukurikira igicuruzwa bituma ubuziranenge bw’ ibiribwa bwubahirizwa.  Abaguzi bita cyane ku biribwa barya n’ aho byaturutse. Ugukurikirana igicuruzwa bituma uwagikoze ashobora kwemeza umuguzi kugura ikiribwa bityo akarema uburyo bworoshye bwo gutuma ikiribwa kimenyekana.  

7.1.2 Ahantu hashyirwa ibiribwa

Gukurikirana igicuruzwa kandi bifasha kumenya neza aho ipaki y’ ibicuruzwa iherereye n’ iby’ ibanze byakoreshejwemo. Ubushobozi bwo gukurikirana ibicuruzwa kuri buri gice cy’ uruhererekane ngenagaciro butuma uburyo bwo kukimenya buba bunoze. Ibi kandi bigirira umumaro impande zombie, ikigo cy’ ubucuruzi ndese n’ abagizu. N’ ubwo ku rwego rw’ igihugu nta buryo buhari bwo gukurikirana ibicuruzwa mu ruhererekane ngenagaciro rw’ imboga, isoko ryo hanze y’ igihugu risaba uburyo busobanutse kandi burambuye bwo gukurikirana ibicuruzwa.

7.1.3 Gushobora gukosora byoroshye

Ubumenyi bw’ ahantu ipaki runaka iherereye butuma gahunda yo kuyibona ikorwa neza cyangwa gukosora igihe habayeho ikibazo ku bijyanye n’ ubuziranenege.

7.1.4 Kubahiriza amategeko

Ikoranabuhanga rudahindagurika kandi rishobora kugenzurwa ry’ imicungire yo gukurikirana igicuruzwa ni ngombwa cyane kuko ituma igicuruzwa cyubahiriza amabwiriza mashya y’ ibisabwa ndetse n’ ibipimo bisabwa n’ ikigo mpuzamahanga kita ku buziranenge bw’ ibiribwa. 

7.2 ibigize uburyo bwo gukurikirana igicuruzwa

Hariho iby’ ibanze bitatu bigize uburyo bwo gukurikirana igicuruzwa:

1. Uburyo bwo kuranga ibigize gukurikirana – bijyana no guhitamo amakodi, ubwoko n’ imiterere yo gukurikirana.
2. Uburyo bwo gusobanura impinduka- uruherekane rw’ ihanahana ry’ ibiribwa rutuma habaho gutembera kw’ ibintu kuva ku murima kugeza ku meza rugira ibyiciro byo guhindura (guhindura ishusho y’ igicuruzwa kuva ku kigero kimwe kugeza ku gicuruzwa kongererewe agaciro ku kiciro gikurikiyeho. Ni ngombwa rero gutanga amakuru kuri iri hindurwa. Kugirango gukurikirana igicuruzwa bigende neza rero hagomba kubaho uburyo bwizewe bwo gutanga amakuru ku ihindurwa ryabayeho.
3. Uburyo bwo kwandika ibiranga TRU – kugira ikirango cya nyacyo cya Tru , ikindi kigize ugukurikirana igicuruzwa ni ugushyiraho inyandiko zihagije kuri buri gice cyo guhindura ibiribwa

 

7.3 Imbogamizi mu gukurikirana ibiribwa

Kugirango haneho uburyo bunoze bwo gukurikirana ibiribwa, cyane cyane ku bigo bito, harimo imbugamizi nyinshi zigomba gukemurwa. Ikiguzi cyo gushyira mu bikorwa kiri  hejuru, kugira gahunda y’ imikorere ihamye kugirango ukore neza nabyo bisaba ubumenyi bwa tekiniki. Ku bw’ ibyo, mu gushyiraho gahunda y’ imikurikiranire y’ ibicuruzwa, ikigo cyngwa abantu ku giti cyabo, ni ngombwa kurenga imbogamizi zikurikira:

1. Ikiguzi cyo kugumana ubuzima bw’ibikoresho- ikiguzi cyo gushyiraho no kugumana  ubuzima bw’ ibikoresho kiri hejuru The cost of installation and maintenance is quite high
2. Isesengura ry’ ibiboneka birakomeye kandi bitwara igihe – hakenewe gushakira amakuru ku bakwiye bafite ubumenyi kugirango bafashe mu isesengura ry’ ibiboneka. Ibi bijyana n’ kiguzi runaka.
3. Gukangura abaguzi. Abaguzi basaba kumenya mu by’ ukuri ibyo barya n’ inkomoko y’ ibikoresho by’ ibanze, haba harimo ibisigazwa by’ ibinyabitabire, aho byasaruwe hegereye ikigo kibitunganya, cyangwa harimo uduce duto tw’ ibyuma biremera? Iyo gukanguka kw’ abaguzi kwiyongereye, no gusaba kumenya niba imboga zarahinzwe hadakoreshejwe imvaruganda cyangwa niba zarakoreshejwe cyangwa niba ibikoresho by’ ibanze byarabonetse hubahirijwe uko bigenwe.
4. Amategeko akakaye- amategeko arasobanutse neza ko hakenewe kubahiriza ibipimo mpuzamahanga n’ iby’ imbere mu gihugu. Gukurikirana ikintu bigomba gutuma igicuruzwa gikurikiranwa binyuze mu ruhererekane ngenagaciro kugirango bishoboke kumenya aho humumana uko ariko kose kwakomoka.

7.4 Ikurikirana rinoze ry’ ibiribwa

Ibigenderwaho kugirango hakorwe ikirikirana ry’ ibiribwa rinoze harimo:

Amakuru atanzwe neza – ikurikirana ryiza ryagombye kugira amakuru yose akenewe harimo ariko atagarukiye ku aho abaza mu ruhererkane rw’ igicuruzwa bose babarizwa, urutonde rw’ ibiribwa n’ uwabitanze, urutonde rw’ ibirango by’ ibicuruzwa, ibiranga ipaki bifasha kuyikurikirana ku buryo bworoshye.  Ibikoresho by’ ibanze na kodi zabyo, amatariki n’ ibibiranga bigomba kugaragazwa neza. Imiterere y’ uko byahinzwe n’ uko byatunganyijwe. Uko byahunitswe. Icyo byapfunyitswemo, uwabitwaye n’ uwabikwirakwije bigomba kugaragazwa neza.

1. Ibarura n’ imicungire y’ ikurikirana binoze –uburyo bwizewebugomba gukoreshwa mu gukurikirana ibikoresho by’ ibanze kugera ku gicuruzwa kirangiye   
2. kwitegura ibisubizo- gahunda nziza yo gukurikirana igicuruzwa yakagombye gushyiraho umwanya wo gusubiriza ku gihe, igihe cyose hashobora kubaho guhumana kw’  ibiribwa.

 

 

8. Kubungabunga ubuzima n’ imikorere y’ ibikoresho

8.1 Iriburiro

 

Amamashini cyangwa ibindi bikoresho bigomba guhora byitabwaho kugirango zibashe kuramba no kugira imikorere ikwiye no kugabanuka kw’ igihe cyo guhagarara gukora (Ezoffice inventory, 2020).  Kwita ku bikoresho byo kubirinda kwangirika bisobanuye guhora wita ku gice cy’ igikoresho kugirango hagabanywe ibyago by’ uko kitakora neza. Kwita ku gikoresho bikorwa ku gikoresho gikora kugirango hirindwe ko cyangirika.     

UBURYO BWIZA BWO KUBUNGABUNGA IBIKORESHO

Ishusho 13: Igishushanyo cy’ uburyo bwiza bwo kubungabunga ibikoresho

Isoko: (ezoffice Inventory.com, 2020)

 

Gufata neza igikoresho byo kukirinda bigira inyungu binyuze mu kugabanya ikiguzi cyo kugifata neza, kugabanya inshuro igikoresho gipfa, kongera igihe igikoresho kizamara kigikora neza, n’ umutekano w’ aho gikorera.

Hari uburyo burindwi bwo kurinda igikoresho kwangirika:

8.1.1 ibungabunga rishingiye ku gihe

Bijyana no guhora bahindura ibice by’ igikoresho mu gihe runaka. Inshuro zo kwitabwaho akenshi zigenwa n’ uwakoze icyo gikoresho na / cyangwa uko ibindi bikoresho nka cyo byakoze mbere.

8.1.2 Ibungabunga riteganya

Ni ukwita ku gikoresho mbere cyane mu buryo bwo guteganya ko igikoresho gishobora kwangirika  - ubu buryo bjyana no gusuzuma igihe igice cy’ igikoresho gishobora gupfa no kugikora mbere  y’ uko cyangirika. Ubu buryo bufahsa mu kugabanya inshuro gipfa. Ubwoko bw’ igikoresho kandi bufasha mu guteganya igikorwa cyo kwita ku gikoresho hashingiwe ku bumenyi bw’ ubuzima rusange bw’ igikoresho n’ imikorere ikitezweho. Ubu bumenyi bugirwa binyuze mu gushakisha no gusesengura amakuru.  

8.1.3 Ibungabunga rikosora

Igihe hateganyijwe kwita ku gikoresho byo kukirinda hakagaragara ikibazo, ikibazo kigomba guhita gikosorwa nta gutegereza irindi bwiriza ryo kubikora.

8.1.4 Ibungabunga ritegetswe

Ubu buryo bwo kwita ku gikoresho bujya gusa n’ ubwo guteganya kuko bwombi butanga umusaruro usa wo guteganya. Ariko, ubu bukoresha isesengura rihambaye, kwiga imashini n’ ubwenge bw’ ubukorano kugirango hagaragazwe ubumenyi mu guteganya kwita ku gikoresho n’ igihe bizakorerwa.

8.1.5 Kwirinda impanuka

Bikorwa ku bikoresho mu rwego rwo kugabanya gupfa kwabyo hakoreshejwe gusuzuma ikigero cy’ impanuka zijyanye n’ igikoresho hagashyirwa imbere igikorwa cyo kwita ku gikoresho.

8.1.6 kurinda igikoresho bitewe n’ uko kimeze

Ijyanye no gukurikirana uko igice cy’ igikoresho kimeze kugirango hagenwe uburyo bwo kukitaho bugomba gukorwa n’ igihe bigomba gukorerwa. Iby’ ingenzi byo kwitaho mu gihe cy’ isuzuma ni ukwitegereza, kureba uduce, igipimo cy’ ubushyuhe, n’ijwi.  

8.1.7 Gushakisha impamvu yo kudakora kw’ gikoresho

Akenshi bikorwa mu rwego rwo kureba niba igice runaka gikora neza. Ubu buryo bushobora kwitwa isuzuma. Ubu buryo bwo gusuzuma bukoreshwa ku bupfu butagaragara budashobora kuvumburwa byoroshye.

8.2 Inyungu z’ ibungabunga ry’ ibikoresho riteganya

1. kugabanya igihe cyo kudakora cyangwa gufunga kw’ ibikorwa bitewe no gupfa kw’ ibikoresho.
2. Kongera igihe igikoresho gishobora kumara.
3. Gutuma abakozi bakora ku gihe giteganyijwe ( kwirinda kwishyura amasaha y’ ikirenga)
4. Kugabanya ku buryo bufatika impanuka ku bakozi no ku bakiriya
5. Gukoresha ingufu nke bityo bikagabanya fagitiri.

8.3 Imbogamizi z’ ibungabunga ry’ ibikoresho riteganya

1. Ibibazo by’ amikoro – bishobora gukenera uburyo bufatika bw’ umutungo.
2. Bitwara igihe –guteganya no kugenzura.
3. Igihe n’ imbaraga z’ abakozi byongerwaho iki gikorwa.
4. Hashobora kubaho kurenza urugero  (kenshi kandi bitari ngombwa )
5. Bisaba gutegurwa ku buryo buhagije no gushyiraho umutima cyane.

           

9. Umwanzuro

Kongerera agaciro umusaruro w’ amashu atukura bizagabanya ku buryo buftika iyangirika ry’ umusaruro kuri ubu bigaragara mu Rwanda.guhugura abahinzi mu ruhererekane ngenagaciro rw’ amashu  rwosebiafasha Leta y’ u Rwanda kugera ku ntego yo kongera umusaruro w’ imboga n’imbuto. Kugirango umusaruro w’ amashu atukura wiyongere, ibi bikurikira bigomba kwitabwaho:

1. Kugabanya gutakaza umusaruro nyuma yo gusarura hakoreshejwe kumeneyereza abahinzi ubuhanga n’ ubushobozi bwo kongerera agaciro umusaruro kugirango hongerwe agaciro mu mafaranga k’ igihingwa
2. Guhugura abahinzi ku kongerera agaciro umusaruro w’ amashu atukura kugirango hagabanywe cyane gutakaza umusaruro
3. Kongera ubwinshi bw’ amahugurwa kugirango abahinzi bamenyerezwe ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge Bihari bigenga ubuhinzi n’ ubucuruzi mu ruhereekane ngenagaciro rw’  amashu atukura
4. Leta y’ u Rwanda igomba gutera inkunga kugirango uruhererekane ngenagaciro ku mashu rutezwe imbere

 

 

10. Amashakiro

AffirmX. (2020, November 30). Battling the Language Barrier. Retrieved from Affirmx.com: https://www.affirmx.com/2016/03/21/battling-language-barrier/

Bethan, G. (2020, June 12). FSAI cracks down on illegal food operations. Retrieved from New Food Magazine: https://www.newfoodmagazine.com/news/112017/food-safety/

Business Topia. (2020, December 1). Language barrier to communication. Retrieved from Business Topia: https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/language-barriers

Cartercenter. (2020, November 30). The Carter Center. Retrieved from Trachoma Health Education Materials Library: Flip Charts: https://www.cartercenter.org/health/trachoma_education/flipcharts.html

Dingley, M. (2020, December 1). Product traceability: what your business needs to know. Retrieved from Blog.matthews: https://blog.matthews.com.au/product-traceability-what-your-business-needs-to-know/

Ezoffice inventory. (2020, December 1). Equipment Maintenance Best Practices – Basics, Objectives and Functions. Retrieved from ezofficeinventory: https://blog.ezofficeinventory.com/equipment-maintenance-best-practices/

Rwanda Standard Board. (2020, December 1). RSB introduces the use of a Single Quality Mark for Certified Systems. Retrieved from Rwanda Standard Board: https://www.rsb.gov.rw/index.php?id=34&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=517&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&cHash=aa164ee023ffd81ef19b4fd8f583ef74

Swoosh English. (2020, December 2020). Avoid Repetition. Retrieved from swooshenglish: https://www.swooshenglish.com/substitution-avoiding-repetition/

Tata Motors. (2020, November 30). Fruit and Vegetable Van gallery. Retrieved from Tatamotors: https://www.tatamotors.co.tz/product/applications/distribution/fruit-and-vegetable-van/