AMAHUGURWA KU GUFATA NEZA UMUSARURO W’ AMASHU ATUKURA

1.0 Iriburiro

Iyi nyigisho izakoreshwa mu guhugura abakozi bakorana n’ abahinzi nabo bakazahugura abahinzi (amahugurwa y’ abahugura). Ibyiciro byombi by’ amahugurwa bizakorwa mu buryo bw’ ibiganiro kandi ingero zifatika zizakoreshwa herekanwa ibyo bahugurwaho. Kugirango hashobore gushyirwa mu bikorwa ibyo duhugurwamo, amahugurwa azabera hafi y’ umurima. Igihe bidashoboka, abahugurwa bazasura umurima mu gihe isarura no gufata neza umusarura bizaba birimo bikorwa.

Gusarura no gufata neza umusaruro bikozwe neza kandi ku gihe ni ingenzi mu kubungabunga ubuziranenge bw’ amashu acururzwa. Amashu atukura (akenshi mu ibara rya move) ni uruboga rwangirika vuba cyane, rukimara gusarurwa. Ikigero cy’ ubukure ishu rigezeho mu gihe risarurwa ni ikintu cy’ ingenzi mu kugena ubuziranenge bw’ ishu riribwa.

Ibituma ishu ryangirika harimo gutakaza amazi ( gututubikana), guhumeka, guterwa na za mikorobe zitera kubora, kuribwa n’ inyamaswa nk’ imbeba no gukomereka mu gihe cy’ isarura cyangwa cyo gutwarwa. Ibi bituma ishu ryangirika bituma umusaruro mwinshi utakara. Gusarura bikozwe neza ndetse no gufata neza umusaruro ni ubyo kwitabwaho cyane kugirango hirindwe itakaza ry’ ubuziranenge.

Gufata neza umusaruro harimo ingamba zo kurinda gutakaza amazi-gupakira no kubikaubuhehere , kubuza guhumeka – gupakira no kugabanya ubushyuhe, kwangizwa na za mikorobi-gusukura no gukoresha imiti yica za mikorobi no kwirinda gukomeretsa ishu. Gutoranya, gukata amababi no gushyira mu byiciro nabyo ni ingenzi kugirango amashu abe abereye gucuruzwa.

 Kwangirika k’ umusaruro haba mu bwinshi no mu bwiza bw’ imboga n’ imbuto biba cyane hagati yo gusarurwa no kuribwa. Gutakaza ubuziranenge nko kuba ryaribwa, intungamubiri, no kuba ryakemerwa n’ umuguzi nk’ iritoshye biruhije gupima kurusha kwangirika kurebana n’ubwinshi. Ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge, amahitamo y’ umuguzi n’ ubushobozi bwo kugura bihinduka cyane hagati y’ ibihugu n’ imico kandi iryo tandukaniro rigira aho rihurira n’ imicururizwe n’ ikigero cyo kwangirika k’ umusaruro.

Nyuma y’ aya mahugurwa, umuhinzi w’ imboga n’ imbuto bategerezwa kugera kuri ibi bikurikira:

1. Ubushobozi bwo kumenya ishu ritukura rigeze igihe cyo gusarurwa
2. Kwerekana tekiniki nziza yo gusarura ishu
3. Kugira ubumenyi bw’ ibitera amashu kwangirika n’ uburyo bwo kwirinda gutakaza umusaruro.
4. Kugira ubumenyi bwo gutoranya, gukata amababi no gushyira mu byiciro umusaruro kugirango ujyanwe ku isoko
5. Kunguka ubumenyi no gushobora gupakira amashu kugirango ajye ku isoko cyangwa guhunikwa
6. Gushobora gusobanura ibisabwa kugirango uhunike amashu .

2.0 Ibyitabwaho mbere yo gusarura

Umutwe w’ ishu ryeze neza  (Brassicaceae cruciferae) muri rusange upima hagati y’ ibiro 1.4 na 2.3, bitewe n’ ubwoko bw’ amashu.  Amashu agomba guhita asarurwa igihe imitwe ifunze neza kandi yeze. Gutinda gusarurwa n’ iyo yaba iminsi mike nyuma yo kwera bishobora gutuma imitwe isatagurika bikongera ibyago byo gufatwa n’ indwara mu murima  cyane cyane iyo ari igihe cy’ ubuhehere bwinshi. Izi ndwara zishobora gukwirakwira mu gihe cyo gusarura no gutwara amashu. Ku rundi ruhande ariko, imitwe iteze neza iba yorohereye cyane ku buryo yangirika mu gihe cyo gutunganywa kandi ntimare igihe kirekire

Abakozi bakurikirana ibikorwa mu murima bagira uruhare rukomeye mu kurinda ubuziranenge. Bagomba kuba bazi akamaro k’ ibikorwa by’ isukura, kwigishwa neza uko bahitamo ishu ryeze, no kumenya kwitondera uko batwara amashu agisarurwa. Umusaruzi ubifitemo uburambe agomba kuba ashobora kumenya vuba amashu yeze ayakozeho no ku ngano yayo. Umutwe w’ ishu usarurwa barigondera ku ruhande rumwe bakarikata bakoresheje icyuma. Icyuma cyo gusaruza kigomba gutyazwa kenshi kugirango gukata bidatwara imbaraga nyinshi. Umutwe w’ ishu ntugomba gukurwaho bakoresheje kuvuna cyangwa kuzunguriza kuko ibi byangiza ishu kandi bigatuma uruti rugira uburebure buhindagurika no gukuraho amababi ntibibe bihuje ku mashu yose. Uruti rwakomeretse kandi ruba rufite ibyago byinshi byo guterwa n’ ububore.

3.0      Gusarura  

Gusarura bigomba gukorwa igihe imitwe igeze ku ngano n’ ubukomere byifuzwa. Imitwe irengeje kwera izasaduka. Ku moko menshi y’ amashu. Aba yeze iminsi 70 uhereye igihe yaterewe mu murima. Amashu menshi yera vuba, azera imitwe ipima hagati ya 0.46 na 1.36 kg. mu gusarura, kata buri mutwe w’ ishu uhereye hasi ukoresheje icyuma gityaye. Kuraho amababi y’ umuhondo (urekereho amababi y’ icyatsi adafunze neza kugirango arinde ishu mu bubiko) ugahita ushyira imitwe mu nzu cyangwa ahantu hari igicucu. Ushobora no kurandura ishu ryose ukarimanika ahantu hahehereye hari ubukonje bwinshi  

Ushaka imisaruro ibiri, kata umutwe gusa ikindi gice cy’ igihingwa, ibibabi by’ inyuma n’ imizi,  ukirekere mu murima. Igihingwa kizashibuka imitwe mishya. Ugomba kuyikuraho ugasiga ine cyangwa mike kuriyo. Uzayisarura ingana n’ agatenesi (ibereye gukorwamo salade). Nyuma yo gusarura, kura igihingwa cyose hamwe n’ imizi yose mu murima kugirango wirinde indwara. Ibihingwa bitagaragaza uburwayi bishyirwa mu ngarani . ibigaragarahi inyo biratwikwa.

Ibimenyetso bikurikira bigaragaza ko ishu ryeze bigomba kugaragara:

• Igihe cyo kwera : amezi 2.5 – 4 bitewe n’ ubwoko bw’ ishu n’ agace rihinzwemo .
• Kwera igihe imitwe ikomeye kandi ifunze neza.
• Gusarura imitwe mbere y’ uko irengerana hirindwako yasatagurika.
• Kata imitwe uhereye aho itangirira ukarekeraho ibibabi by’ inyuma kugirango birinde imitwe kumagara.
• Kwirinda ko imitwe ihindura ibara cyangwa ikomereka kuko byatuma ibora vuba
• umusaruro: 15 – 68 tons kuri 0.4 hegitari
• amoko y’ imitwe ikomeye niyo abikika igihe
• gusarura bikorwa kare mu gitondo ubushyuhe bukiri hasi cyane hanyuma amashu akajyanwa ahantu hafutse amashu akahashyirwa igihe gito kugirango hirindwe ubushyuhe bwo mu murima.

4.0 Ibikorwa nyuma yo gusarura

4.1 Gutoranya, gukata no gushyira mu byiciro

Gutoranya bikorwa kugirango hatandukanywe umusaruro mwiza n’ umubi. Ifasha gushyira mu byiciro umusaruro mwiza hagendewe ku bindi birango nk’ ingano. Gukata bikorwa ku mashu atukura, bitandukanye n’ amashu y’ umweru, kugirango bakureho ibibabi byo hasi n’ uruti rurenzeho hagasigara umutwe ukomeye. Gushyira mu byiciro neza hamwe no gupakira uko bikwiye no kubika neza bizafasha mu kongera igihe ishu rizamara rigifite umwimerere nyuma yo gusarurwa, gukomeza gutoha ndetse n’ ubuziranenge kandi bikarinda kwangirika ndetse ishu ntititakaze ubushobozi bwo gucuruzwa.  Amashu muri rusange ashyirwa mu byiciro hashingiwe ku:

• Ingano
• Kuba atarangwaho inenge nk’ udukoko, indwara no kuba ryakomeretse
• Gushyira mu byiciro bishobora kandi gukorwa hashingiwe ku:
• ishusho
• ibara
• uburemere (no kwera) bijyanye n’ uko ishu ringana
• ikigero cyo kwera

4.2 Gupfunyika

Uko amashu apfunyikwa bishobora guhnduka hagati y’ abaranguza n’ abadandaza. Bishobora gukorwa mu makurete akozwe mu mbaho cyangwa muri pulasitiki, utubati duhitisha umwuka cyangwa imifuka ipfumaguye. Uko bishoboka, gutsindagira amashu bigomba kwirindwa hubahirizwa ingano y’ igipakirwamo. Imitwe y’ amashu ishobora kandi gupfunyikwa mu masashe bituma adatakaza amazi. Nyuma apakirwa mu makarito cyangwa amakurete.

4.3 Guhunika

Kugirango ishu ribikike ku kigero cyo hejuru gishoboka, rigomba kuguma riherereye ku buryo bwose bushoboka bitagombye gukonjeshwa cyane. Imitwe igomba gutunganywa hakatwaho amababi yo ku mpande atendera mbere yo kubikwa.  Amashu agaragaza ubusembwa nko kuribwa n’ udukoko, kwicwa n’ izuba cyangwa guhindura ibara agomba gukurwamo cyngwa agacuruzwa atagombye guhunikwa. Gusarura amashu acyera bizayarinda ko imitwe isatagurika..

Ubwoko bw’ amashu buratandukana mu bushobozi bwo kubikika igihe kirekire. Amashu afite imitwe itsindagiye neza kandi year gahoro abikika igihe kirekire.  Amashu agenewe kubikwa igihe kirekire (amezi 5-6)agomba kubikwa kuri 0°C n’ ubuhehere bwa 98-100% .

Ibibazo bijyanye n’ imikorere mibi bikunda kugaragara mu mashu ahunitswe. Ibibyimba birangwa nä ibidomo bidafite ishusho ku ruhande rwo munsi yä ikibabi bituruka ku makossa yakozwe mu kuvomerera mu gihe cy’ imikurire y’ ishu. Ibidomo by’ umukara n’ ibimeze nk’ urusenda bigaragara nkä ibidomo byinshi byirabura ku mababi , ibyumweru bike nyuma yo kubikwa. Kwangirika guturuka ku bukonje bwinshi bihindukamo amazi yireka mu bibabi birangira biboze. Imironko yo ku mababi isa n’ aho ikura igihe amashu abitse kandi ikarangwa n’ ibibara by’ikigina ku muronko wo hagati ku bibabi by’ inyuma.

Uku kwangirika bitewe no gukora nabi bishobora gutuma habaho guhomba byinshi. Ikigero cyo kugaragara kwabyo kijyana n’ ubwoko bw’ ishu n’ igihe yahinzwemo. Amashu yo kubikwa agomba kuba yeze neza kandi atarangwaho uburwayi kandi ntagomba kuba yaramaze igihe ari mu bukonje. Kongera gugabanya ku bibabi cyane cyane bakuraho ibibabi byahinduye ibara igihe zikuwe mu bubiko.   

4.4 Gutwara amashu

Gupakira bigomba gukoranwa ubwitonzi hirindwa gupakira imodoka cyane, byatuma ibice byo hasi byangirika. Akenshi umusaruro ugomba gutwikirizwa shitingi hirindwa ubukonje cyangwa kumagana ariko igihe cy’ umunsi hashyushye igihe amashu atutubikana kandi akaba ashobora kubabuka, shitingi ishobora kuvanwaho. Ni ngombwa kwirinda gutsindagira igihe bapakira mu modoka. Imifuka y’ amagunira cyangwa y’ amasashi ntabwo ikiwiriye kiretse igihe gupakira bitaza kubamo kugerekeranya imifuka.

5.0 Impamvu n’ uko hakirindwa ko amashu atukura yangirika nyuma yo gusarurwa  

• Kuribwa n’ inyamaswa nk’ udukoko n’ imbeba – kuyapakira uburyo buyarinda
• Gutakaza amazi bituma uburemere bugabanuka, kunamba no kugabanuka ingano – gupfunyikaku buryo burinda amazi gutakara no kwita ku buhehere bw’ aho amashu ari ku kigero cya  85%.
• Gukura kwa za mikorobe bituma habaho kubora – kugira isuku no gusukura
• Kwangirika mu gihe cyo gusarura, kuzitaho no kuzitwara – kwitwararika igihe cyose uyakoraho.
• Guhumeka bituma habaho gutakaza ubworohere ku moko yoroha – kwirinda ko habaho umwuka winjira n’ usohoka.
• Kwangirika kw’ amashu ashyizwe muri firigo bitewe n’ ubukonje ( bifata igihe kugirango ibimenyetso bigaragare bisa no kwangizwa na bagiteri – nta gukoresha ubushyuhe bwo hasi cyane igihe uyabitse muri firigo..

6.0 Indwara n’ ibyonnyi bya nyuma yo gusarura

I.Botrytis cinerea (Botrytis),

Iyi ni itera uruhumbu rw’ ikijuju. Ni agahumyo gakunze gusangwa ku mashu ahunitswe. Ni impamvu y’ ingenzi yo kwangirika kw’ amashu ahunitswe igihe kirekire. Botiritisi ni agakoko gafata amashu adakomeye, yakomeretse cyangwa ibice by’ igihingwa bishaje. , ku bw’ iyo mpamvu amashu yeze neza kandi atarwaye yihanganira aka gahumyo.  Mu murima, gukoresha imiti yica uduhumyo ni igikorwa kica uduhumyo. Mu gihe cya nyuma yo gusarura, guhunika ahantu hatunganijwe neza ni uburyo bwo kwirinda iyi ndwara.

II.Sclerotinia

 ni indwara iterwa n’ agahumyo kitwa Sclerotinia sclerotiorum gashobora guteza kwangirika mu murima, mu bubiko, igihe amashu atwarwa no ku isoko. S. sclerotiorum iboneka ku isi hose cyane ahantu hafutse kandi haherereye. N’ ubwo amashu ashobora guterwa n’ aka gahumyo igihe icyo ari cyo cyose cy’ ubuzima bw’ igihingwa, ibihingwa byinshi bifatwa mu murima hagati mu gihembwe cy’ ihinga.

Indwara zishobora gutera igihingwa ku ruti hafi y’ ubutaka, ku mababi cyangwa aho amababi ahurira n’ ubutaka; ariko indwara nyinshi zituruka hejuru cyangwa ku mpande hagati mu gihembwe kugeza amashu yeze. Indwara itangira nk’ akadomo karimo amazi gafite ishusho y’ uruziga gahita gatwikirwa n’ igisa n’ ipamba ryera, uduhumyo dukuze. Ahantu ho ku gihingwa hafashwe harorohera hakabamo amazi uko indwara ikura.

Aka gahumyo gafata umutwe w’ ishu wose kagatera ibintu bimeze nk’ imbuto binini byirabura, byitwa sclerotia.  Gukoresha uburyo bumwe bwo kurwanya iyi ndwara ntibuzagira icyo butanga kuko iyi ndwara iterwa n’ agahumyo (S. sclerotiorum) gakaze cyane gashobora kuba ku bihingwa byinshi. Uruhumbu rw’ umweru ku mashu rushobora kwirindwa hakomatanyijwe uburyo bwiza bwo guhinga no kwita ku bihingwa bituma indwara idakura. Urugero, abahinzi bagomba kwirinda gutera amashu mu mirima izengurutswe n’ ibiti byabuza umwuka gukwira mu murima no gutinda kumuka. Imirongo igomba guterwaho mu buryo yerekeye aho umuyaga uturuka kugirango umuyaga ubashe kunyura mu murima bityo ibihingwa n’ ubutaka bibashe kumuka.

7.0  Gusuzuma amahugurwa

Iri suzuma rishobora gukorwa nk’ isuzuma ryandise ryihuse mu gihe cy’ amahugurwa y’ abakozi. Naho ku bahinzi, isuzuma ryakorwa mu buryo bw’ ibiganiro biyobowe, muri rusange, uhugura abaza ibibazo bituma abona ibisubizo. Isuzuma rigamije kumenya ikigero i cy’ ubumenyi abahuguwe bungutse :

1. Sobanura ibiranga ko ishu ritukura ryeze rigeze igihe cyo gusarurwa
2. Sobanura uburyo bukoreshwa mu gusarura amashu atukura .
3. Sobanura impamvu ari byiza gusarura imboga mu gitondo kare.
4. Sobanura uko batoranya, bakata amababi no gushyira mu byiciro amashu atukura.
5. Sobanura igikorwa cyo kubanza gukonjesha no gusukura imboga bakoresheje imiti yica udukoko, uvuge n’ akamaro kabyo
6. Sobanura muri make ukobapakira amashu atukura kugirango abe akwiye kujya ku isoko, gutwarwa no guhunikwa Vuga impamvu zituma amashu yangirika n’ uburyo bwo kubyirinda.
7. Sobanura uko tugomba guhunika amashu atukura kugirango agumane ubuziranenge.