1.IRIBURIRO

Ushobora kumenya umusaruro mwiza, ariko bikagorana gusobanura uko ari mwiza. “Ubwiza” bushobora gusobanura ibintu bitandukanye ku bantu batandukanye. Ibintu nk’ imiterere, icyanga, ibara, ingano, ishusho, ubusembwa, udukomere, kuba harihoudusimba cyangwa ibimenyetso bya two, indwara, igihe umusaruro ushobora kumara uhunitswe, ugutoha, ingano nziza, kugira ibara rihuye, ishusho n’ ingano, no kuba riryoshye ritifitemo utugozi twinshi kandi ridafite inenge. Ibi bipimo by’ ibyiciro bibasha gukoreshwa n’ abahinzi, abadandaza, abacuruzi n’ abaguzi. Nk’ uko bimeze ku bindi bipimo by’ ubuziranenge ku mbuto mbisi n’ izatunganyijwe, imboga n’ ibindi bihingwa byihariye, ibi bipimo byashyiriweho koroshya icuruzwa rinononsoye bitanga ishingiro rihagije mu kugura no kugurisha.

Akenshi abaguzi bakoresha gutoha n’ uko igicuruzwa kigaragara muri rusange nk’ ikigenderwaho cy’ingenzi mu kureba ubuziranenge bw’umusaruro. Abahinzi benshi ntibazi neza akamaro ubuziranenge bugira mu bukungu bw’ ubuhinzi bw’ imboga. Ariko rero, urebye kuri raporo z’ isoko ubona neza ko ibiciro by’ igicuruzwa icyo aricyo cyose, igihe icyo aricyo cyose bihinduka cyane, ibi biterwa ahanini n’ itandukaniro mu bwiza bw’ umusaruro uri gucuruzwa. Umuguzi utoranya aba ashaka kwishyura menshi ari uko aguze igicuruzwa cyiza. Kiba gishobora kumara igihe kirekire kitarabora, bisobanuye ko haba hari igihe gihagije cyo kongera kugicuruza, bityo ibyangirika bikagabanuka. Umucuruzi kandi ahanini yinjiza vuba kandi akagurisha ku giciro kirushijeho kuba cyiza kuko igicuruzwa kirushijeho kunogera ijisho. Umuguzi nawe ahitamo igicuruzwa gishobora kuramba ku buryo yakibika igihe kirekire.

Iyi nyigisho rero iteguye ku buryo igera kuri izi ntego:

1. Kubashisha abahinzi guhinga amashu atukura ahura n’ ibisabwa ku isoko kugirango bagire inyungu iruseho.
2. Gutuma abahinzi bubhiriza ubuzranengen’ibipimo bigenwe kugirango bagire amashu atateza ingaruka mbi kandi yuzuye intungamubiri.

Figure 1 Quality Red cabbage packaged for sale.

2.IBIPIMO RUSANGE BY’ UBWIZA BW’ AMASHU ATUKURA

i.INTEGO Y’ IBIPIMO

Ibipimo by’ u Rwanda bisobanura ibisabwa ku mashu mabisi atukura, afite izina rya gihanga rya Brassica oleracea cyangwa B. oleracea ubwoko kapitata F. rubra, ni ubwoko bw’ amashu y’ umweru buturuka ku moko atatu atandukanye y’ amashu ari mu muryango wa Brassica agomba kugezwa ku muguzi akiri mabisi, hatarimo amashu atukura yo gutunganywa mu nganda.

ii.IMIKORESHEREZE Y’ IBIPIMO

Intego y’ ibipimo ni ugusobanura ubuziranenge busabwa umusaruro ku rwego rw’ igenzura ryo ku isoko nyuma yo gutegurwa no gupakirwa. Ariko rero, iyo bikoreshejwe mu byiciro bya nyuma yo kugurishwa, bishobora kugaragara bigendanye n’ ibisabwa na bya bipimo:

1. Kubura ho gato gutoha no gukomera
2. Ukwangirika ho gato gutewe no gukura kwayo ndetse no kwenda kubora.

Ufite igicuruzwa/umucuruzi w’ igicuruzwa ntashobora kugaragaza icyo gicuruzwa cyangwa ngo akigurishe mu bundi buryo ubwo aribwo bwose uretse ubugaragazwa n’ ibi bipimo. Umucuruzi niwe ugomba kwitondera kuzuza ibi bipimo.

3.AMAGAMBO N’ UBUSOBANURO

Mu magambo n’ ubusobanuro, ibi bikurikira birubahirizwa

1. Rikase neza: ridafite amababi atwikira arenze atandatu
2. Rifunze bihagije: ritoroshye kandi rifite uburemere buhagije bujyanye n’ ingano yaryo, ariko rishobora kugira imyanya irimo ubusa hagati y’ amababi mu gice cyo hasi cy’ umutwe.
3. Ukwangirika: agakomere ako ariko kose cyangwa inenge, ishobora kugira ingaruka zigaragara ku buryo igicuruzwa kigaragara cyangwa ku bwiza bwacyo mu kuribwa cyangwa gucuruzwa.
4. Rimeze neza: ritagizweho ingaruka no kubora byatuma ritaba rikwiriye kuribwa n’ abantu.
5. Amababi atwikira: amababi azaho ishu rigitangira gukura, akibumbura ho gato kugirango akore igishishwa (igitwikirizo cy’ inyuma) cy’ umutwe.
6. Ryeze- rikuze neza kandi rifite imyanya yose.
7. Uguhuza- uruhererekane rwubakitse neza rw’ igihuriweho na byinshi. Ni ukuvuga ubwoko, icyiciro, ingano.

4.UBUZIRANENGE BUSABWA

Intego y’ ibipimo ni ugusobanura ubuziranenge busabwa ku mashu atukura nyuma yo gutegurwa no gupakirwa

i.IBY’ IBANZE BISABWA

Imitwe yose y' amashu agomba kuba yujuje ibi bisabwa. Muri buri cyiciro, yujuje ibisabwa n’ ibyakwihanganirwa muri icyo cyiciro, umusaruro ugomba kuba:

Intact

• Rimeze neza; umusaruro wibasiwe no kuboracyangwa kwangirika nk’ ibyatuma utaribwa uvanwamo.
• Risukuye kandi rikase neza. Ni ukuvuga; ritagaragaraho agataka na gake cyangwa ikindi cyose ryahinzwemo kandi ritagaragaho ikindi kintu kitari ishu.
• Rigaragara ko ritoshye
• Ritabonekaho ibyonnyi/ukwangizwa n’ ibyonnyi/indwara
• Ritenda gutanga umurama
• Ridafite ubuhehere bwo hanze budasanzwe
• Ridafite impumuro cyangwa icyanga bidasanzwe.

Uburyo bw’ imihingire bugomba kuba ari ubutuma ribasha

• Kwihanganira ubwikorezi no kurikoraho
• Rigera aho rijyanywe ritangiritse.
• Uruti rugomba gukatwa munsi ho gato y’ aho amababi afatira, amababi akaguma afashe neza, kandi aho wakase hakaguma hakeye.

ii.   GUSHYIRA MU BYICIRO

Amashu atukura ashobora gushyirwa mu byiciro bibiri by’ ingenzi aribyo: 

a)ICYICIRO CYA I

Amashu yo muri iki kiciro agomba kuba ari meza. Agomba kuba yujuje ibigaragaza ubwoko bwayo n’/cyangwa ubwoko bucuruzwa.

• Ukurikije ubwoko bwayo, agomba kuba akomeye kandi afite amababi afasheho.
• Amashu ari mu bubiko ashobora gukurwaho amwe mu mababi yayo yo hasi. Amashu yo mu bwoko bwa ''green savoy'' ndetse n’ amashu yera mbere agomba gukatwa neza, ariko amwe mu mababi y’ inyuma ashobora kugumishwaho ngo aririnde.

Ubu busembwa bworoheje bukurikira bushobora kwemerwa iyo butagira ingaruka ku ishusho rusange y’ umusaruro, ubwiza, ubushobozi bwo kubikika n’ uburyo bwo kugaragaza igicuruzwa gipakiwe:

• Kwisatura gake mu mababi y' inyuma
• Ugukomereka koroheje n’ ugukatwaho gato ku mababi y’ inyuma
• Uburebure mbumbe bw’ uruti rufashe indabo ntibugomba kurenga ¼ cy’ uburebure bw’ umutwe.

b)ICYICIRO CYA II

Iki cyiciro kirimo amashu atujuje ibisabwa ngo ashyirwe mu cyiciro cya I, ariko yujuje ibisabwa by’ ibanze byagaragajwe hejuru. Ubusembwa bukurikira bushobora kwemerwa iyo amashu agumanye ibiyaranga by’ ingenzi mu bijyanye n’ ubwiza, ubushobozi bwo kubikika n’ uburyo bwo kugaragazwa:

• Kwisatura mu mababi y’ inyuma
• Amababi y’ inyuma ashobora gukurwaho
• Ibikomere binini n’ amababi y’ inyuma bishobora gukatwa birushijeho
• Ridakomeye cyane
• Gutakaza ibara kubera ubukonje ku mashu afite ibara ry’ icyatsi
• Uburebure mbumbe bw’ uruti rufashe indabo ntibugomba kurenga 2/3 by’ uburebure bw’ umutwe.

iii.IBISABWA BIGENDANYE N’ INGANO

• Ingano igenwa n’ uburemere bwa buri rimwe.
• Uburemere bwo hasi bugomba kuba g350 kuri buri rimwe ku mashu yera mbere na g500 kuri buri rimwe ku yandi mashu.
• Kugirango umusaruro upakiwe mu kintu kimwe ugire ingano ihuye ku mashu yose, uburemere bw’ umutwe urusha indi kuremera ntibugomba gukuba kabiri ubw’ umutwe urusha indi koroha. Iyo umutwe urusha indi ufite uburemere bungana cyangwa buri munsi ya kg2, ikinyuranyo hagati y’umutwe urusha indi kuremera n’ umutwe urusha indi koroha gishobora kugera kuri kg1.
• Guhuza mu ngano ni ngombwa ku mashu agaragazwa mu mapaki. Ibisabwa mu ngano ntibikurikizwa ku dushu dutoya.

iv.IBISABWA BIGENDANYE N’ IBYIHANGANIRWA

Mu byiciro byose by’ imicururize, ibyihanganirwa mu bigendanye n’ ubwiza n’ ingano bugomba kwemerwa muri buri cyiciro ku gicuruzwa kitujuje ibisabwa n’ icyiciro cyavuzwe.

a)IBYIHANGANIRWA BIGENDANYE N’ UBWIZA

1. Icyiciro cya I: ubwihangana mbumbe bwa 10%, mu mibare cyangwa uburemere by’ amashu atujuje ibisabwa by’ iki cyiciro ariko akaba yujuje iby’ icyiciro cya II buremewe. Muri ubu bwihangane, nta kurenza 1% by’ umusaruro utujuje ubwiza busabwa mu cyiciro cya II cyangwa ibisabwa by’ ibanze cyangwa umusaruro waboze.
2. Icyiciro cya II: ubwihangane mbumbe bwa 10% mu mubare cyangwa uburemere by’ amashu atujuje ibisabwa muri iki cyiciro cyangwa ibisabwa by’ ibanze buremewe. Muri ubu bwihangane, ibitarenze 2% bishobora kugirwa n’ umusaruro waboze.

b)IBYIHANGANIRWA BIGENDANYE N’ INGANO

Ku byiciro byose (niba bifite ingano runaka): ubwihangane bwose hamwe bwa 10% mu mibare cyangwa uburemere by’ amashu atujujeibisabwa mu bigendanye n’ ingano buremewe. Ariko rero, nta mutwe ugomba gupima munsi ya g300 mu mashu yera vubana g400 mu yandi mashu yose.

v.IBISABWA BIGENDANYE N’ UKUGARAGAZA IGICURUZWA

a)KUBA AMASHU YOSE ASA

• Ibigize buri paki (cyangwa icyiciro ku musaruro wagaragajwe mu mbumbe mu modoka z’ ubwikorezi), bigomba kuba bihuye kandi bigizwe n’ amashu aturuka hamwe, ahuje ubwoko, ubwiza n’ ingano (niba yagenewe ingano)
• Amashu atukura yo mu cyiciro cya I agomba guhuza ishusho n’ ibara .
• Ariko rero, uruvange rw’ amashu atukura y’ amoko y’ ubucuruzi atandukanye na/cyangwa amabara, ashobora gupakirwa hamwe mu ipaki iyo ahuje ubwiza n’ inkomoko kuri buri bwoko bw’ ubucuruzi cyangwa ibara.
• Udushu duto dutukura tugomba kuba dufite ingano ijya kuba imwe. Ashobora kuvangwa n’ amashu y’ ubundi bwoko n’ indi nkomoko.
• Igice kigaragara cy’ ibigize ipaki (cyangwa icyiciro ku gicuruzwa wagaragajwe imbumbe mu modoka z’ ubwikorezi) kigomba kuba gihagarariye ibirimo byose.

Amapaki (cyangwa ingeri z' igicuruzwa zagaragajwe mu mbumbe mu modoka z’ ubwikorezi) agomba kuba atarangwamo ibindi bintu bitari amashu.

b)IBIHUMANYA

• Ibikomoka ku miti yica udusimba umusaruro urebwa n’ ibi bipimo ugomba kutarenza ikigero ntarengwa cy’ imiti yica udusimba yashyizweho na komisiyo ya ''codex alimentarius'' kuri iki gicuruzwa.
• Ibindi bihumanya- umusaruro urebwa n’ ibi bipimo ugomba kubahiriza ikigero ntarengwa cy’ ibipimo rusange by’ ibihumanya n’ uburozi mu biribwa by' abantu no mu biryo by' amatungo.

c)ISUKU

Ni ngombwa ko umusaruro urebwa n’ amabwiriza y’ ibi bipimo utegurwa kandi ugafatwa mu buryo bwubahirije igice cy’ ibigenderwaho rusange ku mbuto mbisi n’ imboga n’ izindi nyandiko z’ ingenzi nk’ amabwiriza agenga isuku n’ agenga ibikorwa.

Umusaruro ugomba kubahiriza ibigenderwaho birebana n’ utunyabuzima duto byashyizweho hashingiwe ku mabwiriza n’ imirongo migari y’ ishyirwaho n’ iyubahirizwa by’ ibigendanye n’ utunyabuzima duto bijyanye n’ibiribwa.

d)GUPAKIRA

Amapaki akoresha agomba gutuma umusaruro ugira umutekano kandi ntuhungabane. Igipakirwamo gikora ku musaruro kigomba kuba cyaragenewe gukora ku biribwa, gisukuye kandi gifite ubwiza butatuma gitera ukwangirika kw’ inyuma cyangwa imbere ku musaruro. Ikoreshwa ry’ ibikoresho, cyane cyane iby’ impapuro cyangwa za kasha zigaragaza ibirango by’ ubucuruzi byihariye riremewe iyo ugucapa cyangwa ugushyiraho ibirango kwakoreshejwe wino cyangwa kole bidahumanya. Amapaki agomba kutabaho ikindi kintu cyo hanze kandi akaba ashobora kuvugururwa akongera gukoreshwa.

e)GUSHYIRAHO IBIRANGO

Amakuru akurikira agomba kugaragazwa ku mapaki arimo umusaruro mu buryo bwemewe kandi buramba.

Izina ry’ umusaruro. Ni ukuvuga, “amashu y’ imitwe” na/cyangwa ubwoko bw’ ubucuruzi niba ibirimo bitagaragarira inyuma.

• Icyiciro
• Kode y’ ingano
• Izina ry’ ubyohereje/ubipakiye/ubikwirakwiza n’ aho abarizwa hagaragara
• igihugu biturutsemo
• Uburemere bwite muri kilogarama
• Kode ibiranga na/cyangwa nimero y' icyiciro byasaruwemo
• Izina ry’ ubwoko bwa gihanga cyangwa ubw’ ubucuruzi
• Amabwiriza y’ imihunikire
• Sitati ya GMO

f)Uburyo bwo gutoranya

Amashu atukura agomba gutoranywa hakurikijwe ibipimo  by’ itoranya ry’ imboga n’ imbuto.