KONGERERAAGACIRO UMUSARURO W’ IBITUNGURU

Iriburiro

Igitunguru (Allium cepa L.) ni uruboga rw’ ingenzi gikoreshwa cyane mu gutegura amafunguro ku isi yose. Igitunguru kiri ku mwanya wa gatatu mu mboga zihingwa cyane ku isi kandi iri mu zicuruzwa cyane. N’ ubwo igitunguru  kidafite kalori nyinshi (50 kcal/100 g), igitunguru gikunzwe mu gutegura amafunguro hafi mu bikoni byose by’ imico yose kubera icyanga cyacyo cyiza n’ impumuro yacyo (Kaack, 2017). Igitunguru kandi gikunzwe kubera umumaro ku buzima bw’ umuntu no gukoreshwa nk’ umuti ku ndwara zimwe na zimwe nk’ indwara z’ umutima, indwara y’ ishaza ryo mu jisho, ibisebe byo mu gifu na kanseri bitewe n’ uko cyifitemo hypocholesterolemic, thrombolitic na  antioxida.  Ibitunguru kandi bikungahaye ku ntungamubiri zirimo vitamin B, vitamin C nkeya na kalisiyumu (Mitra et al., 2011).

Igitunguru kigizwe na 9-10% ibinyamasukari, 1.1% poroteyine na 0.1% by’ ibinyamavuta. Igitunguru cy’ ibijumba (Allium cepa) ni kimwe mu bihingwa byifitemo furugitani nyinshi, igeze kuri 8.60% by’ uburemere bw’ igitunguru kibisi. Iyi furugitani ntigogorwa n’ igifu ahubwo itunga utunyabuzima duto two mu gifu, bikongera ubuzima bw’ urura runini no kugabanya ibyago byo gufatwa na kanseri.  Furugitani kandi izwiho korohereza inyunyuzwa rya kalisiyumu na manyesiyumu mu rura runini.no gukora imisemburo ituma umuntu yumva yijuse. Igitunguru kandi kirimo vitamine nyinshi. Igitunguru kandi kizwiho kugira vitamin nyinshi zifitiye akamaro ubuzima bw’ umuntu. Izi zirimo Vitamin B6 na aside folike (B9). Byongeye kandi, igitunguru kirimo imyunyu ngugu harimo kalisiyumu, manyesiyumu, fosifore na potasiyumu za ngombwa mu mirire no mu buzima bw’ abaturage barya ibitunguru.

Ibitunguru bimaze gusarurwa bigomba gushyirwa ahantu hari umwuka uhagije, hafutse, humutse kandi hijimye kugirango hirindwe ko ubuziranenege bwbyo bwangirika vuba.  Ahantu hijimyye ni ngombwa kugirango hirindwe ko ibitunguru bimera. Ibitunguru bimaze gusarurwa ntibgomba gushyirwa ku kigero cy’ ubushyuhe bugera kuri  degree Selisiyusi 20-25 kuko ubu bushyuhe bufasha za bagiteri n’ uduhumyo duto gukura, bityo ibitunguru bikarwara.  

Uburyo ibirayi bibitse ni kimwe mu byo kwitabwaho by’ ingenzi mu kwita ku musaruro w’ ibitunguru. Ubuhehere bw’ umwuka n’ igipimo cy’ ubushyuhe bigomba kugenzurwa cyane kugirango ibitunguru bibikike neza. Gutera umuti mvaruganda ibitunguru byagaragaje ko bikumira gukura k’ uruhumbu rwirabura  n’ utundi duhumyo dushobora gufata ibijumba by’ ibitunguru.  Mu binyabutabire bikoreshwa harimo aside salisilike, boroponolo, na maleic hydrazide.

Ku bw’ ibyo rero, kongerera agaciro ibitunguru bigira umumaro wo kugabanya kwangirika k’ umusaruro gukabije, gutanga akazi, gutuma ibiciro bdahindagurika cyane ku isoko no kuzamura imirire. Bumwe mu buryo bukoreshwa mu kongerera agaciro ibitunguru harimo kubyanika ku zuba, kubyanika hakoreshejwe umwuka unyuramo, kubyanika hakoreshejwe imirasire itukura no kubyinika nko muri vinegeri. Ibitunguru bitandukanywa hashingiwe ku ibara ry’ uruhu (umutuku, umweru, umuhondo cyangwa ikigina), uburyohe (ibiryohera n’ ibikarishye) n’ ishusho y’ ikijumbaand shape of the bulb (uruziga, cyibwase, cyangwa kiburungushuye).

 

3.1 Gusukura

Gusukura ibitunguru bikorwa kugirango bikurweho imyanda, ibisigazwa by’ imiti n’ udukoko duto bishobora kugira ingaruka ku buzima, kubora kw’ ibitunguru no gutakaza ubuzima inganda zikata ibitunguru bigitoshye zikoresha ibinyabutabire mu gusukura ibitunguru zikoresheje amazi arimo chlorine dioxide. Hariho ubundi buryo bukoreshwa mu cyimbo cya chlorine dioxide. Gukoresha amazi y’ akazuyazi nayo ni ingenzi mu kurwanya udusimba n’ udukoko duto dufata ku buso bw’ igitunguru. Ibitunguru bigomba guhunikwa bigomba kumishwa nyuma yo gusukurwa. Byongeye kandi, imizi igomba kugirirwa isuku, ikarindwa amzi n’ itaka kugirango hirindwe kubora.

 

3.2 Gukuraho ibice bitaribwa

Gukuraho ibice bitaribwa by’ igitunguru bikorwa ku buryo bworoshye bukurikira:

1. Gukata igice gihera cy’ uruti. Agace gasigaye k’ uruti kagomba kugonyorwa, hakirindwa kugakata hakoreshejwe icyuma kugirango hirindwe kubora kw’ inkondo .
2. Gukuraho ibipande by’ igtunguru byamaze kuma bikamera nk’ urupapuro hagasigara ibice biribwa, bibyimbye , birimo amazi kandi byoroshye.
3. Gukata impera z’ imizi hagasigara igice kiribwa cy’ igitunguru.

 

3.3 Kugabanya umubyimba

Igitunguru gishobora kugabanywa hakoreshejwe intoki kugeza ku mubyimba wifuzwa hifashishijwe icyuma gityaye. Impera zombie z’ igitunguru ziragabanywa, igitunguru kigakatwamo ibice bibiri. Ibishishwa by’ igitunguru bikurwa kuri ibyo bice byombi, ibice biribwa bikatwa hakoreshejwe icyuma gikata, bigakatwamo uduce twifuzwa.         

4.1Amahame n’ uburyo bwo kongerera agaciro ibitunguru

Kongera agaciro ni uburyo ubwo ari bwo bwose buhindura umusaruro ukundi kuntu ukarushaho kugira agaciro. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya ibitunguru rifasha gutegura ibicuruzwa bitandukanye byongerewe agaciro birushijeho gukundwa n’ abaguzi.  Kongerero agaciro Bizana inyungu nyinshi inganda zitunganya ibitunguru. Iterambere  mu byo kongerera agaciro umusaruro rituma habaho ubushobozi bwo gukora ibicuruzwa bitandukanye byongerewe agaciro.  Urugero: ibitunguru bitunganijwe ku rwego rwo hasi rushoboka bishobora guhita bikoreshwa cyangwa bitekwa bikiri bibisi, umutsima w’ ibitunguru, udupande tw’ ibitunguru byumishijwe, ifu y’ ibtunguru, amavuta y’ ibitunguru, vinegere y’ ibitunguru, isosi y’ ibitunguru, ibitunguru byinitse muri vinegere, divayi y’ ibitunguru n’ ibinyobwa bitandukanye.

 

4.1Akamaro ko kongerera ibitunguru agaciro

• Kugabanya gutakara k’ umusaruro bikunze kugaragara ku bitunguru bidatunganijwe kubera imiterere yabyo ituma byangirika vuba.
• Bituma ibtunguru biboneka mu gihe kitari umwero wabyo kandi bigatuma ibiciro ku isoko bidahindagurika cyane.
• Ibicuruzwa byongererewe agaciro bikurwa mu bitunguru byeze muri ako gace, bihendutse kandi bidasaba ishoramari rihambaye.
• Kongerera agaciro byungukira mu bakozi bashobora kuboneka hafi aho kandi bigatanga amafaranga ku bantu bakagombye kuba badafite akazi.
• Ubucuruzi bukora ibijyanye no kongerera agaciro ibitunguru bugira uruhare mu iterambere mu by’ ubukungu bw’ igihugu.

4.0 Ikoranabuhanga mu kongera agaciro

Ikoranabuhanga mu kongera agaciro ni inzira zifasha gukora igicuruzwa gifite agaciro kari hejuru y’ umusaruro w’ ibanze  

4.1 Ikoranabuhanga mu gutunganya imboga

Intego nyamukuru mu gutunganya imboga ni ukuzirinda  za mikorobe zazitera kubora ndetse no kwangirika kw’imikorere y’ utugirangingo twazo, kugirango hongerwe igihe zimara zitarangirika. Imboga zatunganyijwe zoroha gutwara no gukwirakwizwa.

Gutunganya ibitunguru bikorwa hakoreshejwe kubyanika cyangwa ku byinika muri vinagere Amoko atarimo falavonoyide niyo akenewe mu kwinika muri vinegere kuko falavonoyide zituma hazaho ibidomo by’ umuhondo bigabanya ubuziranenge bw’ ikijumba k’ igitunguru.

Amoko y’ ibitunguru aberanye no gukamurwamo amazi agomba kuba yujuje ibisabwa bikurikira ("Onion Harvesting and Storage", 2020)

• Kuba bikarishye cyane kuberako ibitunguru byumishijwe bikoreshwa mu kongera icyanga kandi ubukarihe buratakara mu gihe cyo gukuramo amazi. 

Umubiri udahindura ibara cyangwa ngo hazemo ubusharire igihe cyo kumishwa. Ibijumba by’ umuhondo byifitemo ‘quercetin’ ituma bisharira n’ icyanga gike, ku bw’ ibyo ntabwo ari ubwoko bubereye gutunganywamu nganda.

• Kuba zifitemo ibikomeye (solid) ku kigero cyo hejuru ni ukuvuga igiteranyo cy’ ibikomeye, bishobora gushonga mu mazi bingana na 15-20 % cyangwa kurenga.
• Kuba byifitemo ibikomeye bidashonga bihagije(1 % cyangwa birenga)
• Ikigereranyo gito cy’ amasukari agabanya (low reducing) ku masukari atagabanya (non-reducing sugar).
• Kiburungushuye kugeza ku kiburungushuye kirekire n’ inkondo ibyimbye.
• Ibijumba bidafatwa n’ uburwayi, ibyonnyi kandi bigomba kuba bishobora kugumana umwimerere wabyo kugeza ku mezi 2-3 bihunitswe.         

4.1.1 Guhitamo ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya imboga mu bihugu biri mu nzira y’ amajyambere

Guhitamo ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya imboga mu bihugu biri mu nzira y’ amajyambere byakagombye gushingira kuri ibi bikurikira:

1. Guteza imbere ibyo umuhinzi yinjiza binyuze mu gukoresha ibiboneka aho bari , ni ukuvuga ibikoresho by’ibanze gakondo na bimwe cyangwa byose mu bikoresho byo gutunganya umusaruro
2. Kugabanya ikiguzi cyo gukora igicuruzwa binyuze mu gukoresha ibikenerwa karemano bibneka aho hafi no kugabanya ikiguzi cy’ ubwikorezi.
3. Kubyara no gusaranganya inyungu kubera kwegereza no gushyira abafanyabikorwa mu bikorwa byo gtunganya umusaruro.
4. Kuzamura inyungu z’ igihugu binyze mu kugabanya gusohora amafaranga no kwshyura ubukode
5. Kongera kuboneka kw’igicuruzwa ku isoko kubera kongera ubuziranenge  bw’ ibyatnganijwe haba ku isoko ry’ imbere mu gihugu n’ isoko mpuzamahanga bikagabanya kwangirika k’ umusaruro nyuma yo gusarura, kongerera agaciro ibihingwa gakondo, no kongera ingano n’ ubuziranenge bw’ ibikomoka ku buhinzi.

 

5.1.2Tekiniki zo gutunganya umusaruro w’ imboga

1. Gupepura

Gupepura ni igikorwa cyo gutunganya imboga hakoreshejwe ubushyuhe hakoreshejwe koza imboga  cyangwa kuzibiza mu mazi ashyushye kuri 88 ° C mu minota ibiri kugeza kuri itanu. Ubundi buryo ni ugukoresha umwuka ushyushye mu gihe cy’ amasegonda 30 kugera ku munota zinyura ku kintu kizisunika. Nyuma yo kuzinyuza mu bushyuhe, imboga zihita zikonjeshwa mu mazi ashyushye cyangwa umwuka ukonje kugirango zigumane ubuziranenge.

Intego zo gupepura

1. Kugirango duce integer za anzime zituma imboga zihindura ibara no gutakaza icyanga.
2. Kugabanya za mikorobe mu mboga.
3. Kudatakaza ibara ry’ imboga
4. Koroshya gupakirwa kw’imboga.
5. Kongera igihe imboga zimara zikiri nzima

 

1.  Kumisha imboga

Kumisha imboga ni uburyo bwo gutunganya imboga bumaze igihe kirekire bukoreshwa. Ifasha mu kugabanya amazi mu mboga bituma uburemere n’ ubunini bw’ imboga bugabanuka. Kumisha kandi byongera igihe imboga zimara zitarangirika kuko za mikorobe zidashobora gukora neza no gukura. Kumisha bishobora gukorwa mu buryo bwinshi nko kumishiriza mu gikoresho gikurura amazi, kuzitera imiti, kwanika ku zuba no kumisha hakoreshejwe ubukonje.

Intego zo kumisha ibitunguru ni:

1. Gukuramo amazi yose yaba ari inyuma ku ruhu.
2. Kumisha ibipande by’ ibitunguru bigize umubiri w’ igitunguru
3. Kumisha uruti no kurufunga nyuma yo kurukata.

Ibitunguru byumye bibikika neza ku bushyuhe bwa 25 - 30°C.

 

1. Kubibika mu bikombe/ibikopo

Kubika ibitunguru mu bikombe bikorwa hakatwa imbogamo uduce dutoya, gupakira mu kintu, no kuzinyuza ku bushyuhe kugirango umurama wa za bagiteri zipfe. Ibyo birangiye, igikombe cyangwa ikindi kintu zishyirwamo kirapfundikirwa kigishyushye kugirango hazemo umwuka igihe cyo gukonjesha ku bushyuhe bw’ icyumba.

Imboga zibitse mu bikombe zishobora kubikwa imyaka myinshi zitangiritse.  Uburyo bwo gukoresh ubushyuhe bugomba gukorwa neza kugirango umurama wa bagiteri wose upfe harimo n’ izihanganira ubushyuhe nka ‘’Clostridium botulinum’’ ikora uburozi bwica butera botulism ( ubu burozi butera ubwonko hakabaho kunanirwa guhumeka, paralizi y’ inyama ndetse n’ urupfu) Gufodoka  kw’ igikombe ni ikimenyetso ko uwo murama urimo, ibirimo ntibigomba kuribwa.

 

1. Gukonjesha

Gukonjesha ni uburyo bwiza bwo gutunganya imboga kuko zigumana icyanga n’ ubuziranenge.  Ikoranabuhanga ryo gukonjesha kimwe kimwe vuba vuba (Individually quick-frozen (IQF)) rituma hatabaho urubura runini ku mboga bityo bikarinda ubuziranenge bw’ imboga zakonjeshejwe. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gukonjesha rikoreshwa harimo gukonjesha vuba cyane, gukonjesha hakoreshejwe gushyira imboga hagati y’ ibintu bibiri bya metalike bikonje cyane, gukonjesha hakoreshejwe uruhombo rwohereza umwuka ukonje cyane, n’ ibindi.

 

1. Gutara no kwinika 

Gutara no kwinika hakoreshwa aside. Imboga zinikwa harimo ibitunguru, amashu, kokombure, n’ inyanya z’ icyatsi kibisi. Ubwoko bw’ imboga zikoreshwa muri ubu buryo bushobora kutaba bumwe n’ ubw’ imboga zitoshye zibneka ku isoko. Imboga ni ibicuruzwa byangirika vuba bitewe n’uko zifitemo amazi menshi n’ intungamubiri nyinshi. Ibi bigaragara cyane mu bice by’isi bishyuha aho byoroheye za mikorobe gukura. Gutara muri aside lagitike (Lactic acid) byongera igihe imboga zimara zitarangirika kandi ikongera imiterere ifite akamaro nk’ icyanga, intungamubiri n’ icyanga ndetse ikagabanya imisemburo yica. Imboga zitaze zishobora gukoreshwa nk’ isoko ya za bagiteri nziza kuko ziba zifite za bagiteri za aside lagitike nka  Lactobacillus plantarum, L. pentosus, L. brevis, L. acidophilus, L. fermentum, Leuconostoc fallax, and L. mesenteroides.

 

 

1. Gukoresha imirasire

Gukoresha imirasire ya gamma bikoreshwa mu kurinda imboga mu bihugu byinshi. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gukoresha imirasire ryagaraje gukora neza mu kugabanya itakara ry’ umusaruro no kurwanya ibyonnyi na za mikorobe mu musaruro uhunitse.  Gukoresha urumuri bifite umumaro ukomeye mu konera igihe imboga zimara ari nzima kugeza ku nshuro 3–5.kugirango hirindwe ko imboga zihura n’ imirasire ikaze, ubundi buryo ni ugukoresha  “hurdle technology,” uburyo bwo gukoresha ubuhanga burenze bumwe kugirango hongerwe ubuziranenge n’ uburambe.

 

5.0Ibikurwa mu bitunguru byongererewe agaciro

Gutunganya ibitunguru bigenda byiyongera ku isi hose. Ibyinshi mu bitunguru bitunganyije ni ibitunguru byumishijwe, ibitunguru biri mu bikombe n’ ibitunguru byinitse (Gorrepati & Khade, 2020). Ngero z’ ibikomoka ku bitunguru byongererewe agaciro ni nk’ impeta z’ ibitunguru zikonjeshejwe, umutsima w’ ibitunguru, ibitunguru byumishijwe, ifu y’ ibitunguru, amavuta y’ ibitunguru, vinegere y’ ibitunguru, umunyu w’ ibitunguru, isosi y’ ibitunguru, divayi y’ ibitunguru, n’ ibind binyobwa. Kumisha ibitunguru birakoreshwa cyane kugirango hagabanywe ingano y’ amazi mu gitunguru kuva kuri 86% kugeza kuri 7% cyangwa munsi kugirango ibitunguru bihunikwe kandi bitunganywe neza  (Grewal et al., 2013).

1. Ibitunguru byatunganijwe byoroheje: birimo ibitunguru bikaswe bigitoshye. Ibi bitunguru biboneka byiteguwe guhita bitekwa bifasha abaguzi kunguka igihe cyo kubitegura (Bahram-Parvar & Lim, 2018). Impeta z’ bitunguru bikonjeshejwe zishobora gukorwa mu bitunguru bidatunganijwe bikatwamo impeta, bikumishwa hakoreshejwe ubukonje hanyuma bikabikwa mu gipfunyika gikwiye ku gipmo cy’ ubushyuhe cyo hasi.  Kuboneka kw’ ibitunguru biteguriwe guhita bitekwa cyangwa bikoreshwa bigabanya imbogamizi zo kubitonora no kubikata mbere yo gutegura amafunguro bityo bikagabanya igihe cyo gutegura amafunguro. Ibitunguru bitunganijwe byoroheje bikorwa hakoreshejwe kubitonora, no kubikata/ kugabanya ingano hagamijwe ko biguma bitoshye. Gutonora no gukata bikorwa n’ intoki cyangwa n’ imashini. N’ ubwo igitunguru gitonowe kigaragara neza kuko kiba cyakuweho igihu kibirinda, igihe cyamara kibitswe gishobora kugabanuka. Igihe igitunguru kimara kibitswe giterwa bitewe n’ ubwoko, imiterere y’ aho gihunitswe nk’ igipimo cy’ ubushyuhe n’ ubuhehere bw’ ibijumba mbere yo gutonorwa. Ibigaragara cyane mu bitunguru bitonoye harimo kumera, kuzana imizi no gutakaza ibara tutaretse n’ impinduka zitagaragarira amaso harimo gutakaza ubuziranenge mu ntungamubiri. Kubera ko kiba kifitemo amazi menshi, gukura kwa za mikorobe ni imbogamizi zikomeye.

Impeta z’ ibtunguru bitoshye

1. umutsima w’ ibitunguru: umutsima w’ ibitunguru ugizwe n’ ibitunguru biseye. Umutsima ushobora gutunganywa hakoreshejwe gusya. Kuberako haba harimo amazi menshi kubibika mu bipfunyika bikwiye no mu buryo bukwiye ni ngombwa kugirango bimare igihe kirekire nta mikorobe zijemo. Kongeramo ibirinda ibiribwa kwangirika no gukoresha ubushyuhe bishobora gukoreshwa kugirango hongerwe igihe bibikwamo. Umutsima ushobora kubikwa mu macupa y’ ibirahure cyangwa mu bikombe by’ ibyuma.

Umutsima w’ ibitunguru

3. Amavuta y’ ibitunguru: amavuta y’ ibitunguru aturuka mu kuyungurura ibitunguru biseye. Biba bifite impumuro ikaze inshuro 500 kurusha ibitunguru byumishijwe. Ibitunguru byifitemo ingano nke y’ amavuta. Aya mavuta ashobora gukurwamo hakoreshejwe igitembamazi kiyanyunyuza mu gitunguru ‘’solvent extraction method’’ cyangwa tekiniki yo gukoresha amazi cyangwa gazi karbonike ‘’super critical fluid extraction technique’’. Amavuta y’ igitunguru akoreshwa nk’ ikirungo, mu kurinda ibiribwa kwangirika ndetse nk’ umuti. Kuberako amavuta y’ igitunguru yifitemo impumuro ikaze yihariye, azengurutwaho ibindi bintu kugirango ubukarihe bugabanuke igihe aribwa.

Amavuta y’ ibitunguru

1. Ibikomoka ku bitunguru bitazwe: ibikomoka ku bitunguru bitazwe bikreshwa mu kongera icyanga mu biryo. Bikorwa mu bibabi by’ ibitunguru n’ uruti biseye.  Ibi bizwi cyane muri Afurika y’ iburengerazuba. Gutara hakoreshejwe aside lagitike (lactic acid) bishobora gukoreshwa mu gutunganya ibitunguru biryohera, iby’ umweru n’ iby’ umuhondo kugirango hakurwemo ibibikomokaho bikarishye.  Ibitunguru bikurwamoudupande twa 0.3 cm z’ umubyimba, umunyu wongerwamo kuri 1.5, 2.0, na 2.5 g/100 g nta sukari cyangwa igashyirwamo ku kigero cya 1.0 na 2.0 g/100 g, bigatarwa ku kigero cy’ ubushyuhe cya 18°C. kuberako ibitunguru bidafite aside lagitike ihagije kugirango bitarwe ahatari umwuka, ibitunguru bishyirwa mu mazi arimo umunyu avuye mu mashu yatazwe.  Gutara bitanga ibitunguru bisharira ku gipimo cy’ ubusharire (pH) kiri hagati ya 3.25–3.35 na 1.2–1.5 g za aside lagitike /100 ml, byenda kwegerana n’ iby’ amashu atazwe. Ibitunguru bisharira biba bifite icyanga gikaze nk’ icy’ amashu atazwe bifite impumuro y’ ibitunguru ariko bidafite gukara kw’ ibitunguru bidatunganyijwe.

Ibitunguru byatazwe

1. Udupande duto tw’ ibitunguru twumishijwe (onion flakes) dukorwa mu bitunguru byumye basya bagakuramo ifu hanyuma bagakoramo ikintu kimeze nk’ umutsima bakataguramo udupande duto dukumishwa. Uretse kongera igihe bimara, kumisha bigabanya umubyimba w’ ibihunikwa cyangwa kubitwara.  Kumisha bishobora gukorwa hifashishijwe imirasire y’ izuba, umwuka ushyushye, ifuru, ubukonje bwinshi n’ imirasire itukura (infrared). Kubanza kubitunganya mbere yo kubyumisha byongera ubuziranenege bw’ ibyumye, bikabirida guhinduka ikigina, bikihutisha ikigero cyo kuma, kandi bikagumana ibinyabutabire bitumuka mu muka.Guhitamo uburyo bwo kumisha ni ingenzi kugirango ubuziranenege butangirika bityo inyungu iboneke.

 

Udupande tw’ ibitunguru twumishijwe

Gukura amazi mu bitunguru bikurikiza intambwe zikurikira:

1. Gusarura
2. Kubigeza aho bitunganyirizwa  
3. Gusukura
4. Koza
5. gukata,
6. kumisha ku zuba/ hakoreshejwe ifuru cyangwa izindi ngufu
7. Gusya
8. Gupfunyika

 

6. Ifu y’ ibitunguru byumishijwe bikorwa basya ibitunguru byumishijwe ni ukuvuga udupande twumishijwe. Ifu ishonga byoroshye kandi igakora vuba kurusha udupande twumishijwe. Ni kimwe mu bigize ibirungo by’ imvange irimo umunyu nka royco. Amoko amwe ategurwa hakoreshejwe ibitunguru byokeje. Udupande tw’ ibitunguru twumushijwe hamwe n’ifu yabyo bikoreshwa mu gutegura ibiribwa bitandukanye  nk’ imigati, pizza, ibirungo, amasupu, amasosi, salade, n’ ibindi. Kumisha bigabanya ko ikiribwa gikomeza kubaho nk’ ikirimo amazi, bigabanya korororka kwa za mikorobi bikangabanya guhindagurika kw’ ibinyabutabire cyangwa imiterere y’ ikiribwa igihe gihunitswe bityo igihe kimara kitarangirika kikiyongera. Kubw’ ibyo rero, kumisha ni bumwe mu buryo bukunze gukoreshwa mu kongera ubudahangarwa bw’ ibiribwa byangirika mu gihe giciriritse nk’ ibitunguru.

Ifu y’ ibitunguru byumishijwe

 

Akamaro k’ ibitunguru byumishijwe

• Birinda ibitunguru guterwa na za mikorobi bityo bikarinda ubuzranenge bw’ ibitunguru. 
• Byongera inyungu iva mu kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze.
• Bituma ibitunguru biboneka ku isoko umwaka wose, n’ igihe Atari ku mwero wabyo.
• Biteza imbere uburyo buhendutse bwo kubyitaho, kubipakira no kubitwara kurusha gutwara ibitunguru bidatunganyijwe.
• Bituma isoko ry’ ibitunguru ryaguka.

 

5.1 kurinda n’ uburyo bushobora gukoreshwa mu gutunganya ibitunguru

Kurinda imboga kwangirika bihura n’ imbogamizi ikomeye mu kubika imboga igihe kirekire zigifite umwimerere wazo mu ntungungamubiri, imiterere n’ uburyohe. Ikoranabuhanga ryo kongerera ingufu imboga rikoreshwa bongeramo ibindi bintu bikora nk’ abarinzi /uruzitiro bibangamire imikurire ya za mikorobi kandi bikabuza ikorwa ry’ ibinyabutabire bitifuzwa.  Abarinzi  bakoreshwa muri buri gikorwa baterwa n’ ubwoko bw’ igicuruzwa, ariko abarinzi b’ ingenzi mu kubika imboga ni ikigero cy’ ubushyuhe, igipimo cy’ ubusharire, ingano y’ amazi n’imikorere yayo n’ ibinyabutabire birinda imboga kwangirika (Value Addition of Vegetable Crops, 2020). Ibitunguru bishobora kurindwa kwangirika hakoreshejwe uburyo bukurikira: 

1. Kwanika

Kwanika nib wo buryo bw’ ibanze bukoreshwa mu kurinda ibitunguru kwangirika. Igitunguru gishobora kumishwa cyose cyangwa kigakatagurwa mbere yo kwanikwa. Nyuma y’ isarura, ibijumba by’ ibitunguru byanikwa ahantu hafunguye mbere yo guhunikwa. Ahantu hakwiye guhunikwa ibitunguru hagomba kuba hafutse, humutse, hijimye kandi hari umwuka uhagije bituma ibitunguru bishobora kubikwa neza kugeza ku mezi 5.

Ibitunguru bikataguye bigomba kozwa kandi ibice bitaribwa bikavanwaho mbere yo gutangira kubyumisha. Gukatagura bikorwa hakorwa uduce dufite umubyimba wa 2.54/8 kugeza kuri 2.54/4 cm . utwo duce twanikwa amasaha 3 kugeza ku 9 kuri  130°F - 140°F.

 

 

Ibyiza by’ ibitunguru byumishijwe

• Ibitunguru byumye ni ikiribwa kibikika neza
• Birahendutse ku bipakira ugereranyije n’ ibyashizwe mu bikombe.
• Ntibsaba guhunikwa muri firigo nk’ ibitunguru bikonjrshejwe
• Ibitunguru byumishijwe bizatuma amafunguro yoroha gutegura kandi abe aryoshye.
• Ibitunguru byumye bishobora gukoreshwa nk’ uko bakoresha ibitunguru bitoshye
• Byisubira byoroshye iyo byongewe mu biribwa bitekeshejwe amazi menshi nk’ isupu, ibiryo bitogoshejw, urusenda, n’ ibindi.

 

2.   gushyira mu bikombe

Ibitunguru bishobora gushyirwa mu bikombe hitawe cyane ku bisabwa kuko byifitemo aside nke bityo bikaba bishobora kwibasirwa cyane n’ ikura rya za bagiteri. Gushyira mu bikombe ibiribwa byifitemo aside iri ku kigero cyo hasi nk’ ibitunguru bisaba gushyira mu bikombe hakoreshejwe peresiyo kugirango hicwe za mikorobi  zigira ingaruka mbi kubuzima bw’ abantu iyo zitapfuye mbere y’ uk ikribwa kigera mu mubiri w’ umuntu,. Gushyira mu bikombe hakoreshejwe peresiyo kuri dogere 240 byica bagiteri ya  botulism . ibitunguru byo gushyirwa mu bikombe bigoomba kuzuzwa mu bikombe bishyushye hubahirijwe amabwiriza y’ isuku. Ibikombe bigombe kuba bifunze birumije, kandi umwuka ugomba gukurwamo mbere yo gufunga hasigwa umwanya ungana na cm 2.54 hejuru mu gikombe.

 

3. Gukonjesha

Gukonjesha bishobora gukorwa ku bitunguru n’ ubwo Atari uburyo bwiza bwo guhunika ibitunguru igihe kirekire kuko bituma ibitunguru byoroha cyane. Ibitunguru byeze bikenera gushyirwa mu mazi ashyushye iminota 3-7 kugera igihe imbere mu gitunguru haba hashyushye. Ibitunguru bihita bihozwa vuba vuba kandi amazi y’ umurengera agakurwamo mbere yo gupakira. Gupakira bkurikiraho, igice kingana na cm 1.27 kigasigwa hejuru mu cyo bapakiyemo. Gukonjesha ubundi si uburyo bwiza bwo kubika ibitunguru. Tungurusumu zib zijya gukomera kandi zisharira igihe zikonjeshejwe. Ibitunguru hamwe na tungurusumu biba byoroshye cyane nyuma yo gukonjeshwa. Kugirango urinde ibitunguru kwangirika igihe bishyizwe ku gipimo cyo hasi cy’ ubushyuhe, hitamo ibitunguru byeze neza, ubisukure cyane hanyuma ubishyire mu mazi ashyushye iminota 3-7 cyangwa kugeza igihe intimatima ihiye. Guhita bikonjeshwa, gukuramo amazi no gupakira hagasigwa 1.27 cm hejuru , gupfundikira no gushyira muri firigo. Ibi bitunguru bikoreshwa gusa mu guteka. Ibitunguru bikiri bito by’ icyatsi kibisi bishobora gukatagurwa gukorwamo salads cyangwa sanduwici no gushyirwa muri firigo bitabanje kunyuzwa mu mazi ashyushye ariko ntibizaba bifite ireme ryabyo. Bizaba bihumura cyane ariko bishobora kuba bikomeye.

 

4. kwinika ibitunguru mu bibirnda kwangirika

Ibitunguru byinitse bikoreshwa nka saladenyuma yo kubyoza. Igikorwa cyo kwinika ibitunguru kigizwe n’ intambwe zikurikira:

1. Hitamo ikijumba cy’ igitunguru cyeze neza
2. Oza ikijumba cy’ igitunguru
3. Shyira igitunguru mu mazi arimo 2% sodium chloride, hanyuma ukabyinika muri aside asetike (igipimo cy’ ubusharire cya 2.5-2.75),300 ppm sulphur dioxide mu gihe cy’ iminsi 7 bigkurikirwa no kubishyushya kuri dogere 100 mu gihe cy’ iminota 3-5
4. Bika ibijumba by’ ibitunguru mu mazi avanzemo ibiinda gitunguru mu minsi 60-75 ku bushyuhe bw’ icyumba  (dogere selisiyusi 25-30 ).

Ibitunguru byinitse

isoko: ("Preserving Onions and Garlic | College of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Sciences | Clemson University, South Carolina", 2020)

 

6.0Iriburiro mu kwita ku buziranenge bw’ igicuruzwa

Kwita ku buziranenge bw’igicuruzwa ni ihame ry’ ubuziranenge bigizwe n’ ibikorwa byose bigenga ko igicuruzwa cyakozwe cyuzuza ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge. Ibicuruzwa bisabwa ibitandukanye kugirango byuzuze ubuziranenge

Ibisabwa by’ ibanze ku buziranenge bw’ ibitunguru

Ikijumba cy’ ibitunguru kigomba kuzuza ibisabwa by’ ibanze kugirango kibe cyujuje ubuzirannge ("Common Standards Of Quality For Onions Regulation 2213/83 Annex Iderogating Reg 3398/84 (as amended by Reg 1854/85)(as amended by) 2193/86,1654/87", 2020).

Ikijumba cy’ igitunguru kigomba kuba:

• Kikiri cyose
• Gisukuye, kitarangwaho ikindi kintu cyose kitari igitunguru,
• Cyumye bihagije hagendewe ku cyo giteganyirijwe gukoreshwa (mu gihe ari ibitunguru byo guhunika, nibura imigogo ibiri ya mbere uhereye inyuma n’ uruti bigomba kuba byumye rwose.)
• Bitarangwaho gutota kudasanzwe inyuma
• Bitumvikanamo indi mpumuro cyangwa icyanga cy’ ikindi kintu icyo ari cyo cyose kitari igitunguru.

           

6.1 kudahumana bw’ ibiribwa n’ibipimo bikoreshwa

Kudahumana kw’ ibiribwa bivuga kutarangwaho kwandura, Ibinybutabire cyangwa ibindi bintu byose byatuma ikiribwa kiba kidakwiriye kuribwa n’ abantu. Intego y’ ubudahumana bw’ ibiribwa ni ukubirinda kugerwamo na za mikorobi, ibinyabutabire n’ ibindi bintu cyangwa guhumana k’ uruherekane rw’ ihererekanya kiribwa kuva aho cyahinzwe no mu ruganda cyatubnganrijwemo kugera ku guhunikwa n’ ubwikorezi kugeza kiriwe.

Ingamba zo kurinda ibiribwa kwandura zigomba gushyirwa mu bikorwa ku nzego zose z. uruhererekane ngenagaciro kuva ku guhingwa kugera ku kuribwa, ni ukuvuga kuva ku murima kugera ku munwa. Haba abashyiraho amabwiriza, abo ibiribwa bica mu ntoki n’ abaryi bose bafite inshingano kubahiriza ko ibiribwa bidahumana. 

Inshingano z’ abashyiraho amategeko mu kurinda ibiribwa guhumana

• Gushyiraho no kubungabunga uburyo bukwiye bw’ ibyerekeye ibiribwa n’ ibikorwaremezo byo gusubiza no gucunga ibyahumanya  bw’ ibiribwa..

• Kuzamura imikoranire y’ inzego ku mpande zose ziteza imbere ubuziranenge bw’ ibiribwa.
• Kwinjiza ubuziranenge bw’ ibiribwa mu murongo mugari w’ amabwiriza na za gahunda zirebana n’ ibiribwa .
• Kwizera nezako  ibiribwa by’ imbere mu gihugu bidahumanye kandi bikwiriye koherezwa ku isoko ryo hanze.

Inshingano z’ abita ku biribwa

• Kuba bazi neza ikiribwa bitaho. Gusoma neza ibirango by’ ibipfunyika, kumenya ingaruka ikiribwa cyagira igihe kidafashwe neza, no gutanga amakuru yose afasha guhitamo.
• Kwita no gutegura ibiribwa utabyangije.
• Guhinga ibihingwa uburyo bubungabunga ubuziranenge wita ku ngamba zo kwirinda ko byakanduzwa na za mikorobi.

Ibipimo rusange byo kubungabunga ibiribwa mu buhinzi bw’ ibitunguru bikurikiza izi ntambwe zikurikira:

• Kureba neza ko abakozi bose bubahiriza amabwiriza y’ isuku n’ uburyo ikiribwa gikorwamo nko gukaraba intoki, gutwikira umusatsi no kwambara imyambaro yabugenewe.
• Guhora ugenzura ibikoresho byose bikoreshwa mu gukora ibiribwa kugirango urebe ko bicyujuje ubuziranenge ku buryo bitaba indiri ya za mikorobi. Ibigenzurwa ni ibisigazwa by’ ibitunguru, kwangirika kw’ ibikoresho bishobora kuba indiri ya za mikorobi, no gutoha kw’ ahakorerwa imirimo bishobora kugira ingaruka zo gufatwa na bagiteri. Ibibazo byose birebana n’ ubuziranenge bw’ ibiribwa bigomba gukemuka mbere yo gutangira gukora.
• Kugenzura niba ibyuma bikata byose n’ inzembe zabyo kugirango hatazabaho kurwara umugese.
• Kugenzura ingano ya aside peroxyacetic (PAA) ikoreshwa mu gusukura ibitwarwamo kugirango umenye ko yubahirije ibipimo bigena ubuziranenege bw’ ibiribwa.
• Kugenzura imikorere y’ ibikoreshwa mu koza ibikoresho (ubushyuhe n’ isuku y’ amazi) n’ ikigero cya a chlorine dioxide hubahirijwe amabwiriza y’ ikigo kigenga imiti n’ ibiribwa.   

 

Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) ni ikigo mpuzamahanga cyita ku bipimo by’ ubuziranenge bw’ ibiribwa, ikusanyirizo ry’ ibipimo mpuzamahanga by’ ubuziranenge byahujwe, amabwiriza n’ igengamikorere mu kurinda ubuzima bw’ abarya ibyo biribwa no gutuma ibintu bigenda neza mu bucuruzi bw’ ibiribwa. Bimwe mu bipimo by’ ubuziranenge bw’ ibiribwa byashyizwemo birimo:

• Ibyongerwa mu biribwa (food additives): amahame yo gukoresha ibyongerwa mu biribwa n’ ikigero ntarengwa bigomba kugaragazwa.
• Isuku y’ ibiribwa: ibi ni ukurinda ko ibiribwa byanduzwa na za mikorobi.
• Ibindi bihumanya ibiribwa: ibi birimo ibinyabutabire, n’ ubutare butandukanye, n’ ibintu bishobora guturika. Hariho amahame n’ ibigero ntarengwa kuri ibyo bihumanya  ibiribwa n’ amabwiriza y’ uko byakirindwa.

 

6.2 Ibirango by’ ibanze by’ igipimo cy’ ubuziranenge

Nk’ uko bigaragara mu gitabo ‘’the Private Food Safety Standards: Their Role in Food Safety Regulation and their Impact, 2010’’, igipimo cy’ ubuziranenge kirangwa n’ ibi bikurikira:

• Kugaragaza ibisabwa igicuruzwa nk’ ikigero ntrengwa cy’ ibisigazwa.

• Kubahiriza amahame y’ ibisabwa ahuye kuri bose
• Kugaragaza amabwiriza yo gukora ibikorwa runaka
• Biboneka kandi bigakorehswa ku nzego zose zo gukora igicuruzwa.
• Kugaragaza ibisabwa mu kwita ku mikorere y’ ikigo nk’ ibireba kubika ibitabo by’ ibikorwa

6.3 Akamaro k’ ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge

• Kuzuza ubuziranenge bw’ ibicuruzwa
• Kurinda ubuzima bw’ abantu.
• Gutuma ibicuruzwa byemerwa ku isoko mpuzamahanga.
• Gufasha mu kugaragaza ibibura no kubakira ku mbaraga ziri muri gahunda ihari.
• Kwerekana ko ibicuruzwa byubahirije ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge mpuzamahanga n’ amabwiriza asabwa.
• Kugabanya ibyago byo kuryozwa kwangirika / kutuzuza ubuziranenge bw’ igicuruzwa.     

7.0Gukurikirana igicuruzwa

Gukurikirana igicuruzwa ni ingamba y’ ingenzi. Product traceability is an important food safety measure. Gukurikirana igicuruzwa bisobanura inzira zose igicuruzwa kinyuramo kuri buri rwego rwo kugihinga, kugitunganya, no kugikwirakwiza. ("Food Traceability Guidance", 2017). Ni urufunguzo rufasha kugaruka inyuma mu nzira igicuruzwa cyanyuzemo mu ruhererekane ngenagaciro mu kugaragaza aho ikibazo runaka gituruka. Ubugenzuzi bw’ ubuziranenge bugomba gutezwa imbere muri buri ruganda rw’ ibiribwa kugirango hatezwe imbere ibiribwa bidahumanye no guhamya ubuziranenge bw’ ibicuruzwa.         

 

7.1 ibigize urusobe rwo gukurikirana igicuruzwa

Iby’ ibanze bitatu bigize urusobe rw’ ikurikirana ry’ igicuruzwa (The World Bank Group, 2019) ni:

1. Ibiranga igicuruzwa
2. Amakuru akenewe mu gukurkirana inzira y’ igicuruzwa mu ruhererekane rwo kugeza igicuruzwa ku muguzi
3. Guhuza igicuruzwa n’ abafite aho bahuriye n’ uruhererekane rwo kukigeza ku muguzi.

 

8.0Kubungabunga Ibikoresho/ibitunganya umusaruro n’ ikoreshwa ryabyo

Inzego zose zo gutunganya umuaruro w’ ibitunguru zisaba ikoreshwa ry’ ibikoresho byihariye nk’ ibikuraho ibihu by’ inyuma, n’ imashini zibitoranya bigomba kuba bikora neza kugirango hngerwe umusaruro n’ ubuziranenge . ibi bikoresho/ imashini zitunganya umusaruro zikeneye kurindwa, guteganyirizwa no gukorwa.

 

8.1 kurinda igikoresho kwangirika

Kurinda igikoresho kwangirika ni ukugifata neza no kugikoresha kuburyo kigumana ubushobozi bwo hejuru binyuze mu igenzura rihoraho no kwitegereza kugirango umenye kandi ukosore imikorere mibi mbere y’ uko cyangirika burundu.  Igamije kongera ubuzima bw’ igikoresho hakoreshejwe guteganya gupfa kandi igendereye kongera ubuziranenge n’ umusaruro. Kurinda igikoresho kwangirika bitanga umutekano ku mikorere yizewe kandi inoze yacyo ikanongera imikorere yacyo.

Inkingi ndwi z’ ibanze zigize kurinda igikoresho kwangirika ni kukigerageza, kugikoresha, kugishyira ku rugero rwacyo, kukigenzura, kugihuza n’ ibyo gikora, kugishyira mu mwanya wacyo mu bindi, no kugishyira ahantu n’ ukuntu gikwiye gukoramo.

 

8.2 Ibungabunga riteganya

Ibungabunga riteganya ni ukumenya uko igikoresho kiri gukora mu gihe runaka hagamijwe kugena igihe kugikora/ kukitaho bizaba ngombwa. Bizwi kandi nko kwita ku gikoresho bifite icyo bigendeyeho, bigakorwa hakurikiranwa imikorere y’ igikoresho n’ uko kimeze mu gihe gikora uko bikwiye kugirango hagabanywe ibyago byo gupfa kwacyo. Kwita ku gikoresho bishingiye k’ uko kimeze, biteganya ibyago byo gupfa kw’ igikoresho mu gihe runaka, hagendewe ku ngingo runaka zikurikizwa mu kwirinda kudakra binyuze mu gupanga gahunda ihoraho yo gukosora imikorere mibi y’ igikoresho.  Hagomba kubaho gukurikirana igikoresho ku buryo buhoraho n’ uburyo bw’ imikorere. Amakuru akusanywa ku buryo buhoraho ku muvuduko no guhinduka kw’ aho gihagaze. Akamaro ko kwita ku gikoresho mu buryo bwo guteganya ni ugutuma habaho igena rihamye ry’ igihe gikwiye cyo gukosora igikoresho bityo hakirindwa ko igikoresho cyapfa bitunguranye.

 

8.3 Ibungabunga rikosora

Gukosora imikorere mibi y’ igikoresho ni ugusana cyangwa kongera gukora igikoresho cyananiwe gukora. Uku kwita ku gikoresho bikorwa bamenya neza icyapfuye no kugikosora kugirango igikoresho cyongere gikore nka mbere cyangwa gikore uko kigomba.Mu gukosora igikoresho ni ngombwa kugisubiza mu buryo bwacyo bw’ imikorere no guha uburemere ibikorwa bifitanye isano n’ ubuziranenge cyangwa bigira ingaruka ku musaruro.

Ibikurikizwa mu gukosora imikorere mibi y’ igikoresho ni:

1. Kwemeza kudakora neza kwagaragaye.
2. Igikoresho cyemejwe ko kidakora neza gitegurwa kujya gukoreshwa n’ uko kudakora neza bikamenyekanishwa.
3. Kwerekana aho igice kidakora neza giherereye no kugishyiraho ikikiranga
4. Gukuramo igice kidakora neza kigasanwa cyangwa kigatabwa. Iyo kitongeye gukoreshwa, kiba kigomba gusimbuzwa igice gishya.
5. Nyuma yo gusanwa no kongera guteranywa, icyuma gisubizwamo neza kikongera gukoreshwa.

 

 

9.0 Umwanzuro

Igitunguru ni kimwe mu mboga zicuruzwa cyane  zihingwa kandi ziribwa ku isi hose. Ni isoko y’ amafaranga ku bahinzi ku isoko ry’ imbere mu gihugu, ku masoko yo mu karere ndetse n’ amasoko mpuzamahanga. Kweza ibitunguru byinshi hamwe n’ iyangirika ry’ umusaruro rikurikiraho ni ngombwa ko ibitunguru bitunganywa hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rihari kugrango bikurwemo ibindi bintu byinshi byongerewe agaciro kugirango birusheho gucuruzwa nta mbogamizi. Kurinda ibitunguru kwangirika ni ingenzi mu gikorwa cyo kongerera ibitunguru agaciro. Bumwe mu buryo bwo kurinda ibitunguru kwangirika burimo kwanika, gushyira mu bikombe no gukonjesha.

Ubuziranenge bw’ ibiribwa mu ruhererekane ngenagaciro rw’ ibitunguru kugirango hongerwe umusaruro w’ ibiribwa byujuje ubuziranenge kandi bidahumanye. Ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge n’ ubuzima bw’ ibitunguru bigena amategeko n’ amabwiriza mu bikorwa byo kongerera agaciro  ibitunguru. Ubushobozi bwo gukurikirana igicuruzwa kuva aho gituruka ni bimwe mu bikorwa byo kubungabunga ubuziranenge mu ruganda rw’ ibituguru kugirango rushobore gusubira inyuma kureba aho ikibazo cyabereye no kuvanamo ibigomba kuva mu ruhererekane rw’ ikwirakwiza ry’ ibiribwa. Byoneye kandi, gufata neza ibikoresho mu gutunganya umusaruro w’ ibitunguru ni ingombwa cyane ku buziranenge n’ umusaruro ukwiye. Abahinzi bagomba gukoresha ikoranabuhanga mu kongerera agciro umusaruro kugirango umusaruro wabo ucuruzwe neza kurushaho.

 

 

 

10.0 Amashakiro

1. AgriBiz. 2020. Onion Value Chain | Agribiz. [online] Available at: [Accessed 28 November 2020].
2. Bahram-Parvar, M., & Lim, L. (2018). Fresh-Cut Onion: A Review on Processing, Health Benefits, and Shelf-Life. Comprehensive Reviews In Food Science And Food Safety, 17(2), 290-308. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12331
3. Clemson.edu. 2020. Preserving Onions And Garlic | College Of Agriculture, Forestry And Life Sciences | Clemson University, South Carolina. [online] Available at: [Accessed 28 November 2020].
4. Common Standards Of Quality For Onions Regulation 2213/83 Annex Iderogating Reg 3398/84 (as amended by Reg 1854/85)(as amended by) 2193/86,1654/87. Msu.edu. (2020). Retrieved 28 November 2020, from https://msu.edu/~sindijul/Fruits%20and%20Vegetables/Onions.htm.
5. FAO. (2010). Private Food Safety Standards: Their Role in Food Safety Regulation and their Impact [Ebook]. Retrieved 27 November 2020, from http://www.fao.org/3/ap236e/ap236e.pdf.
6. Food Traceability Guidance. Fao.org. (2017). Retrieved 29 November 2020, from http://www.fao.org/3/i7665en/I7665EN.pdf.
7. Gorrepati, K., & Khade, Y. (2020). Mouth-watering value-added products of onion and garlic [Ebook]. Retrieved 29 November 2020, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342521088_Mouth-watering_value-added_products_of_onion_and_garlic.
8. Grewal, M. K., Jha, S. N., Patil, R. T., Dhatt, A. S., Kaur, A., & Jaiswal, P. (2013). A less energy intensive process for dehydrating onion. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 52(2), 1131-1137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-1092-x
9. Kaack, K. (2017). Industrial Processing of Pickled and Pasteurized Onion (Allium Cepa L.). International Journal Of Forestry And Horticulture, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.20431/2454-9487.0302005
10. Mitra, J., Shrivastava, S., & Rao, P. (2011). Onion dehydration: a review. Journal Of Food Science And Technology, 49(3), 267-277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0369-1
11. Onion Harvesting and Storage. Ikisan.com. (2020). Retrieved 27 November 2020, from http://www.ikisan.com/ka-onion-harvesting-storage.html.
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