UBUHINZI BW’ IBITUNGURU

 Igitunguru ni uruboga rwerera imyaka ibiri ruhingwa kabiri mu mwaka mu Rwanda. Ibitunguru bihingwa hafi muri buri ntara cyane cyane mu ntara y’ amajyaruguru n’ iy’ amajyepfo. U Rwanda kuri ubu rweza ibitunguru birenga MT 20000 ku mwaka, byiganjemo iby’ umutuku, umuhondo n’ ibitunguru by’ umweru. Amagarama ijana y’ ibitunguru aba arimo hafi g30 za karisiyumu, g0.5 z’ ubutare, vitamini B, mg0.2 za ribofalavine, mg 0.3 za nikotinamide, na mg 10 za vitamini C. Ibitunguru bishyirwa hafi muri buri funguro nk’ ikirungo cy’ ingenzi mu miryango hafi ya yose mu Rwanda. Ibitunguru bishobora gukoreshwa ari bibisi muri salade z’ imboga, bigatekwa nk’ ikirungo mu masupu, amasosi cyangwa byashyizwe mu munyu cyangwa vineaigere. Bishobora no kotswa, kubirizwa, gukarangwa nk’ ifiriti cyangwa gukorwamo sote.  Igitunguru gishobora no kugira uruhare mu buvuzi gakondo nko kuvura ibura ry’ inkari. Ifu y’ ibitunguru ni ikirungo gikoreshwa igihe igitunguru kibisi kitari kuboneka. Ikorwa mu bitunguru byasewe neza, byumishijwe, cyane cyane amoko ahumura y’ ibitunguru by’ ibijumba, ikagira impumuro ikomeye. Iyo cyumishijwe nyuma yo gusarurwa, igitunguru gishobora kubikika igihe kirekire.

IshushoFigure 1 Ubuhinzi bw’ ibitunguru mu murimaOnion Production in a farm

 

Amoko y’ ibitunguru

Ubwoko	Igihe cyo kwera	Umusaruro ushoboka	Ibiranga ubwoko
Umutuku wa Bombayi Isoko: E-hinga	Iminsi 150	Toni 16 kuri Ari	Byera vuba, ibara ry’ ikigina gitukura ryijimye. Byera ibitunguru bito kugeza ku biringaniye Ibitunguru bihumura cyane Birakunzwe cyane mu bahinzi no ku isoko Bimara igihe kirekire bitarangirika nyuma yo gusarurwa
Creole itukura isokoSource www.royalseed.biz	Iminsi 150-180	Toni 16 kuri Ari	Ibara ry’ umutuku wijimye Ubwoko bukunzwe kurusha ayandi mu bice by’ amajyaruguru n’ uburengerazuba. Byera ibitunguru binini Bishobora kwera mu birere bitandukanye Nibyo bitunguru byiza bigenewe isoko ry’ ibibisi  Bibikika neza
Ubwoko buhora busa icyatsikibisi isoko: www.fruithillfarm.com	Iminsi 110	Toni 3-5 kuri Ari	- Ni ibitunguru bitagira ibijumba. -Amababi araryoha, abereye ijisho kandi afite ibara ry’ icyatsi kijimye. -Byera vuba bigatererwa uruti n’ amababi aho kuba ibijumba - Byihanganira kubabwa n’ izuba - Ni byiza mu ma salade n’ isoko ry’ ibibisi.
Ubwoko	Igihe cyo kwera	Umusaruro ushoboka	Ibiranga ubwoko
Iroza F1	Iminsi 90-100		- Bigira ibara ry’ umutuku wijimye. - Bibasha kwera ahantu henshi - Ubu bwoko bwihanganira indwara cyane.
Umutuku mwiza F1   Isoko:www.smartfarmingug.com	Iminsi 110-120	Toni 25-30 kuri Ari	Bifite ibara ry’ umutuku wijimye. Byera ahantu henshi. Bigira impumuro ikomeye kandi bikavura.Byihanganira indwara y’ ibizinga bya move. Bishobora kubikwa igihe kirekire kigera ku mezi 6.
Red piney ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Source Isoko: www.royalseed.biz	Iminsi 90	Toni 25-30 kuri Ari	- Bishobora guhingwa ahagwa imvura cyangwa ahuhirwa. - Birahumura cyane. - Biraramba cyane nyuma yo gusarurwa kugera ku mezi 6 iyo bibitswe ku bushyuhe busanzwe. - Ibijumba bigira ibara ry’ umutuku wijimye kandi birakunzwe cyane ku isoko. - Byihanganira milidiyu n’indwara y ibibara bya move

 

Ubutaka: Byera neza mu butaka bwuhiye neza kandi bwera. Ubusharire bwiza bw’ ubutaka buva kuri 6.0-7.5 nibwo bukenewe kuva ibitunguru bitihanganira ubutaka bufite ubusharire burenze 7.  

Imvura: Ibitunguru byera neza ahari imvura iri hagati ya mm 650-800. Aho imvura idahagije, kuhira bigomba gukorwa ngo hizerwe ko ubuhehere buhoraho buringaniye.

Ubushyuhe: Ibitunguru bisaba ubushyuhe  bwa 13-24^oC na 18-26^oC. Ubu bushyuhe ni ngombwa mu byiciro by’ imikurire y’ igihingwa n’ ikorwa ry’ ibijumba. Ubushyuhe bwiza bwa 20⁰C -25⁰C  nibwo busabwa mu ituburwa ry’ imbuto. Ugukura kw’ ibitunguru kurahagarara iyo ubushyuhe burenze cyane ubusabwa mu ikorwa ry’ ibijumba. Ibi bitera umusaruro muke kuko ibijumba bidakura kugeza ku ngano yo hejuru.

Ubutumburuke: Ibitunguru byera neza kugeza ku butumburuke bwa m2500.

Ingemwe z’ ibitunguru mu buhumbikiroOnion seedlings in nursery IsokoSource: www.ics-agri.com

 

 

Muri Afrika y’ iburasirazuba, ibitunguru bihingwa hakoreshejwe imbuto mu gihe mu bice bikonja, bihingwa hifashishijwe uruti (ibijumba bitarakura byasaruwgaraye mu gihembwe cyabanje).

Ingemwe zibanza gukuzwa mu buhumbikiro mbere yo kugemurirwa mu murima w’ ibanze. Imitabo yo mu buhumbikiro igomba gukorwa ku butaka bwateguwe neza. Shyiramo ifumbire y’ imborera na Fosifate y’ urutare maze uyivange neza n’ ubutaka.

 Kora imirongo yo guteramo itandukanyijwe na cm15, utere imbuto uzitwikirize agatataka gake. Ingano y’ imbuto ni kg 2-3 kuri hegitari.  Sasira nyuma yo gutera. Umutabo wo mu buhumbikiro ugomba kuhirwa neza mu minsi 10 ya mbere. Ibikoreshwa mu gusasira bigomba gukurwaho nyuma y’ uko imbuto zigaragaye.

Iimbuto zimera iminsi 7-10 nyuma yo kubiba.   

Ibitunguru bisaba hafi amezi 10 mu itubura ngo byuzuze urugendo rwo kuva ku mbuto kugera ku mbuto. Mu rwego rwo kugera ku kugaragara kw’ imbuto ku kigero cya 70%, ubushyuhe bwa 13⁰C burakenewe. Imbuto zibibwa mu murima w’ ingenzi. Iyi ni inzira ihendutse yo gutubura imbuto kuva umurimo wo kugemura ugabanyuka. Kora ku buryo umwanya muto w’ akato wubahirizwa hagati y’ umurima w’ ibitunguru n’ indi mirima iwegereye cyane cyane ifite ibihingwa byo mu muryango umwe n’ ibitunguru. Ubugenzuzi bwo mu murima bugomba gukorwa na RALIS ngo hizerwe ko umutubuzi w’imbuto akurikiza ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge bisabwa mu gutubura imbuto.                               

 

 

Imbuto z’ibitunguruOnion seeds IsokoSource: www.exportersindia.com

 

Indabyo z’ ibitunguruOnion flowers: Isoko Source www.orientalseed.com

 

Ibihingwa by’ ibitunguru bisaba ingano nyinshi y’ imyunyu ntungagihingwa ikenerwa mu ngano nto bikanasaba ingano iringaniye ya N-P-K. Gufumbira bigomba gukorerwa hafi y’ indiba y’ igihingwa kuko iki ari igihingwa kigira imizi migufi. Abahinzi bakwiriye kwirinda gushyira ifumbire itarabora ku gihingwa kuko byatera igihingwa kugira inkondo ibyibushyeamajosi manini n’ amababi menshi bikabije byose bikoresha ibyari gufasha mu gukuza ibijumba. Uko ibitunguru bisaba ishyirwaho ry’ ifumbire bihindukana n’ ibindi nk’ ubushyuhe, ubwoko bw’ ibitunguru, umwanya uri hagati y’ ibihingwa, ubwoko bw’ ubutaka n’ amazi ahari. Ishyirwaho ry’ ifumbire rigomba gukorwa hakurikijwe ibyavuye mu isuzuma ry’ ubutaka.

 

Ibura ry’ intungagihingwa

1. Azote

 Amababi y’ ibihingwa bibura azote bihinduka icyatsi cyenda kuba umuhondo, byihinnye bireba hejuru, biruma kandi bikaba bigufi. Ibimenyetso bigaragara bihereye ku mababi ashaje bigakomereza ku mababi mato. Umwanya wo hejuru y’ ikijumba uroroha mu gihe cy’ ubukure. Ibihingwa byibasirwa no kubangamirwa n’ amazi bikuma. Kugwa kw’ amababi igihingwa kitarakura ni ibisanzwe iyo igihingwa kibura azote. Ibura rya azote rishobora kurwanywa hongerwamo ifumbire y’ imborera ivugurura imiterere y’ ubutaka bityo ikongera ubushobozi bw’ igihingwa mu kubika amazi n’ intungagihingwa. Amafumbire ashingiye kuri azote nka IRE agomba kongerwa mu gukosora ikibazo. 

Igihingwa cy’ igitunguru cyabuze azoteNitrogen deficient onion IsokoSource: plantix.net/plant-disease

 

1.  Fosifore

 Imitwe y’ amababi ashaje agaragaza ibibara.

  Ibimenyetso bigaragara ku byiciro byose byo gukura ariko bigaragara cyane mu mababi akiri mato. . Ibura rya Fosifore ritera kugwingira kw’ igihingwa.  Iyo indwara yakomeye, uruti rw’ igihingwa n’ uduti tw’ amababi bigira ibara ry’ icyatsi cyijimye kugera ku guta ibara rykw’ ikigina. Imitwe y’ amababi ashaje agaragaza ibibara. Ibura rya Fosifore rishobora gukosorwa hongera ifumbire mvaruganda, isasiro cyangwa gushyira ibisigazwa by’ ibihingwa mu butaka. Amafumbire arimo Fosifore nka NPK agomba nayo gukoreshwa. Isuzuma ry’ ubutaka rirakenewe ngo hamenywe ingano ya nyayo y’ intungagihingwa zigomba kongerwamo.

Ibihingwa bibuze fosiforePhosphorous deficient plants Isokosource www.agri.wa.gov.au.

 

 

 

1.  Zenke

Ibura rya Zenkeinc rica intege ikura ry’ igihingwa, mu gihe amababi agaragaza ukuma hagati y’ imirongo naho imirongo y’ ibanze ikaguma iri icyatsi mu gihe Zenke yabuze cyane. Uguhinduka umuhondo kw’ amababi gutangirira ku mpera, buhoro buhoro amababi akihuriza ku ruti, amababi akagaragara nk’ ayihinahinnye akihina agana hanze. Iri bura ryagenzurwa hatera ifumbire y’ imborera mu murima mbere yo kugemura. Ibitunguru bizahazwa  n’ ibura rya zenke no kubitera Sulifate ya Zenke ku mababi.

Ibura rya Zenke mu bihingwa Isoko: https://expertsystm.wixsite.com

 

 

1. Potasiyumu

Ibura rya Potasiyumu rigaragara cyane cyane ku mababi mato kuko Potasiyumu yimuka cyane. Amababi ahinduka icyatsi kijimye agahagarara mu gihe imitwe isa n’ iyahiye, no gupfa kw’ amababi no guhinduka umuhondo ku mababi ashaje. Kwihinahina kw’ amababi no kugwingira bitera igihingwa kutihanganira indwara n’ ibihe bikomeye nk’ amapfa n’ imbeho. Ibura rya potasiyumu rishobora kurwanywa hongerwa imborera y’ ivu ry’ ibiti byibura rimwe mu mwaka. Amafumbire ashingiye kuri Potasiyumu ashobora no guterwa nk’ ifumbire y’ ibanze mu gutergura umurima no mu gihe cyo kurabya.

Igihingwa kibuze potasiyumu.Potassium deficient plant Isokosource: https//expertsystm.wixsite.com

 

1. Ubutare

  Ibimenyetso by’ ibura ry’ ubutare bitangira kugaragara bihereye ku mababi mato. Ibura ry’ ubutare rizatera uguhinduka umuhondo kuzuye niridakosorwa, ikibabi cyose gihinduke umuhondo wererutse gifitwe ibibara by’ ukuma k’ umuhondo byirema ku nkengero z’ ikibabi. Imirongo y’ikibabi iguma ari icyatsi kibisie bituma igihingwa gitinda gukura bitewe n’ igabanuka ry’ ingano ya kororofilechlorophyll. Ibi byakosorwa hakoreshejwe kongeramo ifumbire y’ imborera itanga ubutare ku bihingwa kandi utere dandeliyoons hafi y’ umurima w’ ibitunguru kuko bituma ubutare buboneka ku bihingwa bibegereye kandi ukoreshe amafumbire ashingiye ku butare.

 

Igihingwa cy’ igitunguru kibuze ubutare bwa feriIron deficient onion plant https://www.yara.in

 

Ikimera cya dandeliyoDandelion plant http://survivalgardener.com

       

 

 

Gusasiza pulastiki  

Source Isoko: http://farmbizafrica.com                       

Gusasiza ibikomoka ku binyabuzima

Source Isoko:       https://greenfusestock.photoshelter.com

Gusasira: Ibi bigamije kugabanya uburyo ubutaka butakazamo amazi ajya mu kirere. Bifasha kandi mu kurwanya ibyatsi bibi kuko bibyoroshya. Gukoresha ibikomoka ku binyabuzima nk’ imbuto zisukuye bishobora kongera intungagihingwa mu butaka.

Guhinduranya imyaka mu murima: Guhinduranya imyaka mu murima ni ngombwa mu buhinzi bw’ ibitunguru kuko byafasha mu kugabanya ibyonnyi n’ indwara. Guhinduranya imyaka mu murima bigomba gukorwa hakoreshwa imyaka iri mu miryango

  Kuvanga imyaka mu murima: Ibitunguru bishobora guhinganwa n’ indi myaka bidahuje umuryango. Ibitunguru bizwiho kwirukana udusimba nk’ ikinyabwoya cy’ umugongo usa na diyama mu mashu.

 

Ibitunguru bihinganywe na karoti isoko: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyculture

 

• Hitamo umurima utarahinzwemo ibihingwa byo mu muryango w’ ibitunguru mu myaka 2 ishize
• Gutegura umurima bitangira imbuto zigiterwa mu buhumbikiro.
• Kuraho ibyatsi bibi n’ ibihingwa kimeza byose ku butaka.
• Birabujijwe cyane gutwika ibimera kuko ibi byangiza ibinyabuzima by’ ingirakamaro bisanzwe bituye mu butaka kandi bikagabanya ukwera k’ ubutaka.
• Kuraho inkomyi zose harimo ibitsinsi by’ ibiti n’ amabuye kugirango woroshye imirimo yo mu murima.
• Ubutaka bushobora gutegurwa hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bikoreshwa n’ amaboko nk’ isuka.
• Bishobora no gukorwa hifashishijwe ibyuma bihinga bikuruwe n’ inka cyangwa za tracteur niba umuhinzi afite ubutaka bunini.
• Rima ubutaka umenagure ibinonko binini by’ ubutaka kugirango ugire ubuhinge bwiza.
• Ubutaka bugomba kuringanizwa neza kugirango hazabeho ugukura kw’ ibihingwa kungana.

• Uko ibitunguru bisaba ifumbire bihindukana n’ ubwoko bw’ ubutaka.
• Gufumbiza ifumbire y’imborera yaboze neza mu ngano ya toni 11 kugera kuri 22 kuri hegitari byatanga intungagihingwa na azote ikenerwa mu itangira ry’ igihembwe.
• Hamwe no kuhira neza, kg 260/ha za N zakagombye gutuma habaho umusaruro mwinshi ushoboka ku butaka bwinshi bufite imyungungugu, hagakenerwa nkeya kurushaho ku butaka busanzwe bubitse N.
• Ntugomba gushyiramo Nitrojeni nyinshi kuko yatuma ibihingwa bikura cyane bigatinda kurabya
• Azote nyinshi cyane ituma habaho gushamika bidakenewe.

• Ingemwe zagemurwa ibyumweru 6-8 nyuma yo kubiba cyangwa igihe indiba yazo ifite umubyimba nk’ uw’ ikaramu y’ igiti kandi zifite cm15 z’ uburebure n’ amababi 4 kugera kuri 5. Kugemura bigomba gukorwa kare mu gitondo kandi ingemwe zigahita zivomererwa, cyangwa bigakorwa nimugoroba hirindwa ko zatakaza amazi zikuma.
• Imitabo yo mu buhumbikiro igomba kuvomererwa neza isaha mbere yo kugemura hirindwa kwangiza imizi mu kurandura ingemwe.
•  izi ngemwe ziterwa mu murima zikirandurwa mu buhumbikiro ku ntera ya cm8x10

Iibyiciro byo gukura kw’ igihingwa Source isoko: www.haifa-group.com

Isoko: www.vegetablegardener.com

Kwicira: Ni ugukuramo ingemwe zirengaho ngo hasigaremo umubare nyawo mu kwirinda ko ibihingwa byahanganira umwanya, urumuri n’ intungagihingwa.

Isoko: www.caritas.org

 kubagara Kubagara ni ingenzi cyane kuko ibitunguru bigira ubushobozi buke bwo guhangana n’ ibyatsi. Umurima ugomba kuvanwamo ibyatsi igihe cyose. Kubagara bishobora gukoreshwa amaboko cyangwa hagaterwa imiti yica ibyatsi itagira ingaruka ku dusimba tw’ ingirakamaro.

Kubagara  

Isoko:

 

 

 Kuhira Ku butaka butaremereye bw’ umucanga, Kuhira bigomba kuba amazi aturuka hejuru cyangwa kuhira igitonyanga ku gitonyanga. Ibitunguru biri mu gihe cyo kuzana ibijumba bikenera ingano nini y’ amazi, ariko ubuhehere bukabije bukwiriye kwirindwa.

​Kuhira kuminjagira 

Isoko: startuptipsdaily.com

 

Kuhira kw’ igitonyanga ku gitonyanga

Isoko: irrigazette.com 

 

 

Imikorere mibi y’ ingingo

1. Kurabya Ibitunguru birabya mu mwanya wo gukora no gukuza ibijumba. Ibijumba by’ ibitunguru byarabije bigomba gusarurwa no kuribwa ako kanya kuko bitabikika. Kurabya biterwa n’ igabanuka ridasanzwe mu bushyuhe no kwibasirwa n’ ibihe by’ ubukonje, ubutaka buseseka cyane no gushyiramo ifumbire nyinshi. Iki kibazo cyakosorwa hifashishijwe guhitamo ubwoko buberanye n’ uko ikirere kifashe, guterera ku gihe no gufumbira mu ngano ikwiriye.

kurabya kw’ ibitunguru Isoko: kb. gramophone.in

 

 2. Guhinduka icyatsi kibisi kw’ ibitunguru: ibi biterwa no kuba ibijumba byahuye n’ izuba igihe kirekire bikagera aho bigakora kororofilechlorophyll. Gufumbiza azote nyinshi cyangwa utinze butuma byera bitinze bikaba byabiviramo guhinduka icyatsi. Bishobora kurwanywa hakoreshejwe gufumbira ku gihe kandi hakoreshwa ingano nyayo y’ ifumbire. Irinde kuvura ibitunguru igihe kirekire.

Guhinduka icyatsi kw’ ibitunguru

 Isoko: expertsystm.wixsite.com

3. Kubabuka Iki ni ikibazo gikunda kugaragara mu ngemwe zikiri ntoya no mu bijumba. Uku kwangirika guterwa n’ ubushyuhe bwinshi mu butaka aho imyanya y’ ingemwe yangirika bikaziviramo gupfa zipfunyaraye. Ku bijumba, imyanya yafashwe itakaza ibara, ikoroha kandi ikanyerera. Iyo imyanya yafashwe yumye, ihinduka ibisebe by’ inzobe bigaragaza ugupfa k’ utunyangingo. Bishobora kurwanywa havurwa ibitunguru ku bushyuhe buri munsi ya 29⁰C.         

kubabuka kw’ ibitunguru 

Isoko:  www.science.oregonstate.edu

4. Guhinduka iroza: Ibi birimo kugira ibara risa n'iroza, mu bisanzwe bibaho iyo ikijumba cy’ igitunguru gikomerekejwe, cyane cyane mu gihe na nyuma yo gusarura. Uko gutakaza ibara gutuma igitunguru gitakaza ubwiza n’ igurishwa. Abahinzi bakwiriye gusarura ibitunguru mu bwitonzi birinda kubikomeretsa

Ikibazo cyoguhinduka iroza kw’ ibitunguru Isoko: Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org

 

 

Icyonnyi	Ingaruka	Uko bakirwanya
Tiripusi z' ibitunguru IsokoSource: Chris Wallwork Agrii (www.aafarmer.co.uk)	- Utu dusimba dupfumura ubuso bwo hejuru y’ ikibabi bikanyunyusa amatembabuzi y’ igihingwa.  Ubu butumitunga habaho ibizinga bisa na Feza ku mababi. - Ibiva muri utwo dusimba bigaragara nk’ utudomo duto tw’ umukara kuri ya mababi asa na Feza. - Iyo igihingwa cyafashwe cyane bishobora gutera guhinduka ikigina ku mitwe y’ amababi, kugwingira kw’ igihingwa, gucikagurika kw’ amababi n’ ibijumba, no kugabanyuka kw’ ingano y’ ibijumba	- Hora wuhira neza kuko ibihingwa byumye nibyo byibasirwa cyane. - Bagara kuko ibyatsi byacumbikira udusimba. - Randura imbuto n’ ibihingwa byafashwe cyane ubirimbure.
Udusimba ducukura amababi isokoSource: gardener.shoutwiki.com	- Turya amababi tuyasigamo ibinogo imyobo bituma ibitunguru byangwa ku isoko	- Twarwanywa hakoreshejwe abanzi kamere cyane cyane ibivumvuri biturya. - Ntabwo ari byiza cyane gutera imiti yica udusimba kuko utu dusimba dufite ubushobozi bwo kurema ubudahangarwa mu gihe gito.
Isazi y’ ibitunguru isokoSource: gardening.which.co.uk	-Amababi yibasiriwe aruma akagira ibara ryenda kuba ubururu. -Ibihingwa biruma bikagera aho bipfa.  - Urunyo rw’ iyi sazi rurya hejuru y’ indiba y’ ingemwe rukazica.	- Irinde gutera mu butaka bufite ingano nini y’ ifumbire itarabora, cyangwa ahari ibyatsi byinshi. - Ha ifumbire y’ imborera igihe gihagije cyo kubora mbere y’ uko utera. - Irinde gusubiza ibitunguru mu murima byari bihinzemo mu gihembwe gishize. - Hinga imyaka itandukanye n’ iyayibanjirije muri uwo murima. - Ibihingwa byafashwe bikwiriye gukurwamo bikarimburwa cyangwa bigatwikwa
Iminyorogoto Isoko: bulletin.ipm.illinois.edu	- Ibinyabwoya bitema bikanarya uruti rw’ ingemwe. - Kwibasirwa gukomeye kwatera kubura umusaruro burundu mu gihe kudaciwe intege.	- Rimbura ibisigazwa byose by’ imyaka iheruka kandi wirinde guhinga mu mirima ivuyemo urwuri. - Bagara umurima mbere na nyuma yo gutera.

 

 

Indwara	Ibimenyetso	Kuyirwanya
Kuma isokoSource: http://vikaspedia.in	- Ni indwara ituruka mu butaka ifata imbuto n’ ingemwe. Ingemwe zafashwe ziragwa zigapfa kubera gucikagurika kw’ inyangingo zo ku bice byo hafi y’ ubutaka.	- Kwica udukoko two mu butaka mbere yo gutera. - Kuvomerera ku rugero rukwiye. - kwirinda gushyira ingemwe nyinshi bikabije mu buhumbikiro.
Milidiyu Isoko: www.greenlife.co.ke	- Amababi arwaye ahinduka icyatsi kererutse, nyuma akaba umuhondo akagera aho agapfa. - Iyi ndwara yoroherezwa n’ ikirere gikonje kandi gihehereye.	- Koresha imbuto isukuye kandi itarwaye. - Tera amoko yihanganira iyi ndwara - Hinduranya n’ ibihingwa byo mu yindi miryango.  - Sigamo intera nini hagati y’ ibihingwa kugirango ugabanye ubuhehere na Milidiyuldew.
Ibibara bya move isokoSource: www.greenlife.co.ke	- Amababi yafashwe agira udukomere duto dutose dufite intima zisa n’ umweru. -Amababi ashobora guhinduka inzobe ijya kuba umuhondo, ntahagarare maze akagera aho agapfa, niba indwara itarwanyijwe.	- Koresha amoko y’ imbuto zihangana kurushaho. - Ongera umwanya hagati y’ ibihingwa. - Tera imbuto umuti mbere yo gutera. - Hinduranya imyaka mu murima. - Kuramo ibisagazwa by’ imyaka byose kandi uhinge mu butaka buciyemo inzira nziza z’ amazi. - Koresha imiti yica uduhumyo niba indwara ikomeye cyane.
Umugese w’ ibitunguru Source Isoko: www.namayasai.co.uk	- Amababi agira ibibara bijya gusa n’ umweru kugeza ku by’ umuhondo, bikura uko indwara ikomeza bikagera aho bigahinduka nk’ icunga rihishije bikagera aho bihinduka ugucikagurika k’ umukara nyuma y’ igihe. - Bitera kugwingira mu ikorwa ry’ ibijumba iyo indwara yakomeye.	- Hinduranya imyaka mu murima kandi ntutume hari ibyatsi bimeramo.
Ukubora k’ ubunigiro guterwa na  botirirytisi   isokoSource: blog.pestprophet.com	- Ifata ibitunguru biri mu buhunikiro ariko ituruka mu butaka. - ubunigiro bw’ ibitunguru birwaye bujwenga amazi, bugahinduka ikigina  kandi igakomera iba amababi y’ impapuro zihinahinnye. - Mu gihe cy’ ubuhehere bwo hejuru, agahumyo k’ ikigina gashobora gukura hagati y’ utwugara tw’ ibitunguru	- Gushyiriramo amafumbire ya azote ku gihe. - Gusarura igihingwa kimaze gukura neza kandi utume cyuma neza.
Kubora korohereye guterwa na Bagiteri Isoko: Lindsey du Toit, Washington State University (mtvernon.wsu.edu)	-Itera ibihombo bikomeye mu buhunikiro -Kuri kino kigero, imyanya yafashwe ijwenga amazi ikaba umuhondo wererutse kugera ku kigina cyoroheje. - Uko ukubora gukomeza, imyanya yafashwe iroroha.	- Reka ibitunguru byere neza mbere yo kubisarura. - Irinde kubikomeretsa mu gihe cyo kubisarura nokubipakira. - Ibitunguru bigomba kubikwa mu buhunikiro burimo umwuka uhagije wirinda ukwihuriza hamwe k’ ubuhehere ku buso bw’ ibijumba. - Bigomba kubikwa kuri dogere selcius 0 kandi ku buhehere buringaniye bwa 65-70%.

 

 

 

 

• Bitewe n’ ubwoko n’ ibihe biriho, ibitunguru bishobora gutwara amezi 4-5 ngo bikure. Ibitunguru bigomba gusarurwa nyuma y’ uko 50% by’ amababi byaguye.
• Ibitunguru biba byakuze iyo; amababi yahindutse umuhondo, ibijumba bihinduka umutuku kandi byagize ingano ihagije.
• mu buhinzi bwo ku rugero ruto, gusarura bikorwa harandurwa ibijumba. Mu buhinzibwo ku rugero rwo hejuru, imashini zisarura zishobora gukoreshwa.
• Nyuma yo gusarura, shyira ibitunguru ku bushyuhe buringaniye ahantu humutse kandi hari umuyaga uhagije.
• Gutunganywa bishobora no gukorerwa mu bicucu bishyushye ibitunguru bikahamara igihe.
• Ibi bikorwa ni ngombwa cyane cyane mu guhunika ibitunguru igihe kirekire.
• Mu bikorwa byo kuvura, ibihu biruma bikaba ibipfukisho by’ impapuro
• Reka ibitunguru byume neza mbere yo kubihunika kugirango bitazamera.
• Ibitunguru bigomba guhunikwa mu duhago twa mushupiri, amakesi, amakarito cyangwa mu bitebo.
• Niba ibitunguru bibitswe mu bitebo cyangwa amakarito, hagomba kuba hagera umwuka uhagije.
• Udusaho tw’ ibitunguru dukunze kubikwa dutondekanye ariko ntitugomba gucucikwa kugirango umwuka ubashe kunyuramo neza.
•  Gusarura ibitunguru hakoreshejwe amaboko ubikurura mu butaka woroheje.

 

Curing onions in the field Source: gardenerspath.com

IsokoSource: www.onehundreddollarsamonth.com   

 

 

                                                                                   

Abahinzi benshi bagurishiriza umusaruro wabo mu murima cyane cyane abahinga byinshi. Abahinzi ntabwo baba bafite ibyago byo guhomba kuko ibitunguru bishobora kubikika igihe kirekire iyo byafashwe neza.

IshushoFigure 2 Umucuruzi agurisha ibitunguru ku isoko A vendor selling onions at the market  IsokoSource: farmerstrend.co.ke

 

 

Jeannie and Bruce Frasier, 2013. Dixondale farms, the onion patch.

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https://gardenerspath.com/plants/vegetables/grow-onions

https://gardenerspath.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/onion-cultivation-picking.jpg

http://mtvernon.wsu.edu/path_team/DiseaseGallery/onion-bacterial-soft-rot-3L.jpg

https://i1.wp.com/blog.pestprophet.com/wpcontent/uploads/2018/02/botrytis1a.jpg?resize=410%2C234

http://www.namayasai.co.uk/Negi/Naga-Negi%20Rust%206September2005.JPG

https://www.greenlife.co.ke/wp-content/uploads/purple_blotch-1500x750.jpg

https://www.greenlife.co.ke/wp-content/uploads/downy_mildew_onions-1500x750.jpg

http://vikaspedia.in/agriculture/crop-production/integrated-pest-managment/ipm-for-spice-crops/ipm-strategies-for-garlic/diseases-and-symptoms

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https://gardening.which.co.uk/hc/engb/article_attachments/115000892629/shutterstock_300198422.jpg

http://images.shoutwiki.com/gardener/thumb/9/9a/Onion_Pea_leafminer_Liriomyza_huidobrensis.jpg/163px-Onion_Pea_leafminer_Liriomyza_huidobrensis.jpg

http://www.aafarmer.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Thrips.jpg

Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org   https://bugwoodcloud.org/images/768x512/5472717.jpg

http://www.science.oregonstate.edu/bpp/Plant_Clinic/images/onion,%20sunscald%20121-014.jpg

https://static.wixstatic.com/media/4b0bfd_edda2aff3be54a0a818c162c378ba5b9.jpg/v1/fit/w_390,h_132,q_90/file.jpg

http://kb.gramophone.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Onion-bolting.jpg

https://i1.wp.com/startuptipsdaily.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/onion-irrigation-system.jpg

https://irrigazette.com/sites/default/files/styles/image_details/public/field/image/t-tape_s.jpg?itok=KQGifs9A

https://www.caritas.org/wordpress/wpcontent/uploads/2017/06/34447100353_22f5c7f6ed_z.jpg

http://www.vegetablegardener.com/assets/uploads/posts/3510/kg20-thinning-seedlings-02_lg.jpg

https://www.haifa-group.com/sites/default/files/crop/4.png

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/KarottenZwiebeln_266.JPG/300px-KarottenZwiebeln_266.JPG

https://ssl.c.photoshelter.com/img-get2/I0000lDkph4.IZQ8/fit=1000x750/Onions-LB0708-4766.jpg

http://farmbizafrica.com/images/plastic%20mulching.JPG

https://expertsystm.wixsite.com/onion/product-page/zinc-deficiency

https://www.yara.in/crop-nutrition/onion/nutrient-deficiencies---onions/iron-deficiency----onions/

https://expertsystm.wixsite.com/onion/product-page/potassium-deficiency

https://www.orientalseed.com/upload/Images/france4.JPG

https://img1.exportersindia.com/product_images/bc-full/dir_119/3568142/red-onion-seed-1926540.jpg

https://www.ics-agri.com/photos/onions-effective-weed-control.jpg

https://previews.123rf.com/images/yuris010/yuris0101210/yuris010121000111/16112037-planting-the-onion-in-the-vegetable-garden.jpg

https://www.royalseed.biz/onions.php

https://www.fruithillfarm.com/bunching-onion-ishikura.html

https://www.smartfarmingug.com/product/red-nice-f1/

https://www.istockphoto.com/photos/onionplantation?phrase=onion%20plantation&assettype=image&sort=best