AMAHUGURWA KU GUFATA NEZA UMUSARURO W’ IBITUMGURU

1.0 Iriburiro

Iyi nyigisho izakoreshwa mu guhugura abakozi bakorana n’ abahinzi nabo bakazahugura abahinzi (amahugurwa y’ abahugura). Ibyiciro byombi by’ amahugurwa bizakorwa mu buryo bw’ ibiganiro kandi ingero zifatika zizakoreshwa herekanwa ibyo bahugurwaho. Kugirango hashobore gushyirwa mu bikorwa ibyo duhugurwamo, amahugurwa azabera hafi y’ umurima. Igihe bidashoboka, abahugurwa bazasura umurima mu gihe isarura no gufata neza umusarura bizaba birimo bikorwa.

Hari amoko menshi y’ ibitunguru ariko muri izi nyigisho z’ amahugurwa, ibitunguru tuvuga ni ibitunguru by’ ibijumba, bishobora kuba bitukura cyangwa ari umweru. Gusarura no kwita ku musaruro mu kugumana ubuziranenge bw’ ibitunguru bihunitse. Gusarura ku gihe gikwiye ni ingenzi cyane. Icy’ ingenzi mu kwita ku musaruro w’ ibitunguru ni ukubitunganya no kubibika ariko no kubitoranya no gukata amababai n’ imizi no kubipakira.

Imbuto n’ imboga zangirika mu bwinshi no mu bwiza hagati yo gusarurwa no kuribwa. Gutakaza ubuziranenge, nk’ ibijyanye no kuba zishobora kuribwa, kuba zujuje intungamubiri, agaciro zifite mu bitera imbaraga no kwemerwa n’ abaguzi kw’ imbuto zigifite umwimererere biruhije gusuzuma kuruta gusuzuma ingano.   Ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge, amahitamo y’ abaguzi n’ ubushobozi bwo kugura bihindagurika cyane hagati y’ ibihugu n’ imico, kandi uko gutandukanya bigira ingaruka zifatika ku gushobora gucuruzwa n’ igipimo tuvugaho ko umusaruro wangiritse.

Izi nyigisho rero zigamije gufasha bahinzi baciriritse b’ imboga kunguka ubumenyi no kuba bashobora ku:

1. Gukoresha uburyo bwiza bwo gusarura ku gihe gikwiye cyo kwera .
2. Kumisha ibitunguru.
3. Gutoranya, gukata imizi n’ ibibabi no gushyira mu byiciro.
4. Gusobanura no gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bukwiye bwo gupakira no kubika ibitunguru.

2.0 Ibyitabwaho mbere yo gusarura

Uko ibibabi bimeze ni ikimenyetso cyiza cyo kwera kw’ ibitunguru n’ uko igitunguru gisa muri rusange.  Ibitunguru by’ ibijumba byo kubikwa bigomba kurekwa bikera burundu mbere yo gusarurwa. Gusarurwa bikorwa iyo ibibabi/ uruti rwunamye hejuru gato y’ ikijumba ubundi bikagwa. Nk’ icyo kubayobora muri iki gikorwa, abahinzi bagomba kubara umubare w’ ibitunguru byunamye mu murima. Igihe ijanisha ry’ ibyunaye ugeze kuri 70-80%, umurima wose ugomba gusarurwa.

Gusarura bigomba gukorwa hakiri kare igihe  50-80% by’ ibice byo hejuru byashaje mbere y’ uko uruhu rw’ ibijumba rwisatura umubiri ukagaragara.  Ibitunguru byasaruwe ku gihe gikwiye byangirika gake ugereranyije n’ ibyasaruwe mbere y’ uko byunama. Ibijumba muri rusange byera mu gihe cy’ iminsi 100-140 nyuma yo guterwa, bitewe n’ ubwoko n’ ikirere byahinzwemo. Ibitunguru byo ku mpeshyi byera ku minsi 35-45 nyuma yo guterwa. Ibitunguru byasaruwe bigomba kurekwa bikuma cyangwa bigasukurwa bigakomeza kwanikwa ku zuba nyuma yo kurandurwa. Ibitunguru bishobora kwera kugera kuri toni 5 kuri hegitari iyo byahinzwe ahantu hakwiye kandi bikitabwaho uko bikwiye.

Ibi bikurikira ni ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko:

• 75 – 80% by’ ibihingwa ibibabi byabyo byaraguye
• Igihingwa ntikizana ibibabi bishya
• Ibibabi bitangira kuba umuhondo no kuma Resistance to pull-out of the ground.
• Kubara guhera igihe cyo gutera (ibijumba byera mu gihe cy’ iminsi 100-140)
• Kureka ibibabi bikuma neza kugeza ubwo ushobora gukata inkondo bikoroheye – ibijumba birekwa bigakomerera mu butaka.

3.0      Gusarura

Gusarura hakoreshejwe intoki nibwo buryo bukoreshwa ahenshi mu bihugu biri mu nzira y’ amajyambere. Igihe cyiza cyo gusarura ni igihe nta mvura igwa igihe ubutaka bwumye bushobora kuva ku bitunguru. Gusarura bishobora gukorwa mu gihe cy’ imvura ariko ibitunguru bigomba guhita byanikwa. Gusarura n’ intoki bikorwa haserurwa ibijumba hakoreshejwe agasuka kugirango woroshye ubutaka, ubundi ugakurura igice cyo hejuru ukoresheje intoki.  Mu bihugu byateye imbere , by’ umwihariko mu mirima minini, gusarura bikorwa n’ imashini.

Uburyo bwo gusarura bukoreshwa buterwa n’ ikirere uko kimeze mu guhe cyo gusarura. Mu gace ikirere gishyuha kandi cyumye, kurandura no gushyira mu mifuka bishobora gukorerwa mu murima. Mu kirere gitose, gusarura hakoreshejwe imashini no kwanika hakoreshejwe izindi ngufu ni ngombwa kugirango haboneke ibijumba byuzuje ubuziranenge ku bwinshi. Izi ntambwe zikurikira zirubahirizwa mu byiciro bibiri byo gusarura ibitunguru:

• Gukuraho ibibabi (iyo ari ngombwa) ;
• Kurandura ibijumba bifite uruti rw’ umuhondo cyangwa rwumye hanyuma ukabisanza mu murima cyangwa mu cyumba cyo kwanikamo (kiba cyaranateganirijwe guhunikwamo kugirango bikomeze kuma kugeza inkondonaryo ryumye neza
• Gusukura ibitunguru kugirango hakurweho imyanda n’ ibyondo;
• Gusubiza ubutaka ahavuye igitunguru kugirango buringanire;
• Kumisha ibitunguru mu murima mu gihe cy’ iminsi 8-10 ;
•       Guhindura ibitunguru inshuro 1 kugeza kuri 2;
•       Gusarura, kuyungurura no gushyira mu byiciro, gupakira cyangwa mu makurete
• Kubitwara .

Ibitunguru byasaruwe bishyirwa mu bintu (ibitebo, indobo) cyangwa bigahambirwamo imiganda bikarambikwa mu kibitwara. Ibyo bibitwara bishobora kuba bikururwa n’ inyamaswa cyangwa n’ imashini nka taragiteri. Uburyo bwo gupakira no gutwara bugomba guhitwamo neza kugirango hirindwe kwangiza umusaruro. Ubuso bukomeye bugomba kuzengurutswa ibibabi , ibifufuma cyangwa ibindi bintu byabuza ibitunguru kwangirika. 

Ibi bikurikira bigomba kwitabwaho igihe cyo gusarura:

• Guhagarika kuvomerera igihe ibitunguru byeze – icyumweru 1 mu butaka budafata amazi, ibyumweru 2 mu butaka bubika amazi, mbere yo gusarura kugirango hirindwe ko ibitunguru byaba birimo amazi.
• Gusarura igihe hadashyushye (kare mu gitondo cyangwa nimugoroba).
• Gusarura ukoresheje amaboko - Guserura ibijumba kugirango horohe ubundi ugakurura imitwe ukoresheje intoki
• Kwirnda kwangiza ibijumba, ubitsindagira.

4.0 kwita ku musaruro

4.1 Kwanika no kumisha

Kumisha no kwanika bituma amazi y’ umurengera ava mu ruhu rw’inyuma rw’ ikijumba. Byumisha kandi bigafunga inkondoaho ibibabi byakatiwe. Urhu rwumye rufatanye ni uruzitiro rwo kubuza za mikorobe kwinjira no gutakaza amazi bityo bikarinda igice cy’ ingenzi kiribwa kikagumana icyangwa k’igitunguru kigisarurwa.

Kubbyumisha kandi bigabanya ibyago byo gupfa kwangirika mu yindi mirimo yose ikorerwa ibitunguru. Bigabanya kandi ko ibitunguru byahita bimera bikanafasha igitunguru gukomera mbere yo kuribwa cyangwa guhunikwa igihe kirekire. Iki gikorwa cyo kumisha akenshi kitwa ‘’kumisha’’. Ariko iri jambo ntiriba rikoreshejwe neza kuko nta tugirangingo dushya dukorwa cyangwa gukiza ahakomeretse bibaho nk’ uko biri ku bindi binyabijumba nk’ ibikoro cyangwa imyumbati.

Kumisha bigabanya uburemere bw’ ibitunguru kandi kuko ibitunguru bigurishwa ku biro, kumisha ku kigero gikwiye ni ibyo kwitondera. Mu bisanzwe, kumisha ku bushyuhe busanzwe bitakaza uburemere ku kigero cya 3-5% naho ku misha hakoreshejwe izindi ngufu bikagabanya kugeza ku 10 % . Mu bikorwa bya gakondo, kwanika ibitunguru bikorerwa mu murima, mu gikorwa kitwa ‘kurarika’ . Bikorwa basarura ibijumba byeze bakabisanza birambitse ku butaka kugirango ( gushyira ku mirara) byume mu gihe cy’icyumweru cyangwa bibiri.

Mu birere bishyuhe, ibijumba bigomba kurarikwa ku buryo birindwa guhita bihura n’ imirasire y’ izuba. Mu kirere gitose, ibitunguru bifata igihe kirekire kugirango byume kandi bishobora kubora cyane igihe bihunitswe. Uruhande rw’ igitunguru ruryamiye ubutaka butose rushobora kuzana ibibara by’ ikigina bituma ubwiza n’ agaciro k’ igitunguru bigabanuka.

4.2 Gusukura

Ni ngombwa ko ibitunguru bitarangwaho imyanda ishobora kubangamira ishusho rusange n’ ubuziranenge bwo kuribwa. Itaka n’ibindi bintu byose bitari ibitunguru bigomba gukurwamo n’ ibijumba byangiritse bigomba kuvamo. Gusukura bishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe umuyaga cyangwa gukura ibintu byose bidakenewe ku buso bw’ ibijumba hakoreshejwe intoki. Hagomba kubaho kwitonda kugirango hirindwe gukomeretsa ibitunguru igihe iyo mirimo ikorwa. Gusukura kandi bireba gukata imizi yumye, gukuraho uruhu ryumye rudafashe no gukuraho ibisigazwa by’uruti byumye.

4.3 Gutoranya no gushyira mu byiciro  

Ibijumba by’ ibitunguru nyuma yo gusukurwa binyuzwa mu gikoresho kibishyira mu byiciro cyangwa bigashyirwa mu byiciro hakoreshejwe amaboko mbere yo guhunikwa. Ibitunguru bishyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe no kuba byumye neza. Inkondo itumye neza iba ibyimbye kandi yoroshye bikazateza kubora byihuse kuko mikorobe zihakurira vuba no gutakaza amazi. Ibijumba bimeze bityo bishobora guterwa umuti wica za mikorobe, kumishwa cyane hanyuma bikagenzwa gahoro birekerwa ku zuba cyangwa mu cyumba cyo kumishirizamo kugirango byume byuzuye.

Ku bindi bigenderwaho mu gushyirwa mu byiciro, harimo kuba bidasadutse, bidakomeretse, indwara no guterwa n’ udusimba. Gushyira mu byiciro hakurikijwe ubunini bikorwa nyuma yo gutoranya. Hakurikijwe ingano, ibitunguru bishyirwa mu byiciro bitatu aribyo Ibinini  (30-35 mm), ibiri mu rugero (25-30 mm) n’ ibitoya (10-25mm). ibitunguru binini n’ ibiri mu rugero ni byo gusa bigomba guhunikwa. Gutoranya no gushyira mu byiciro ni ngombwa kugirango ubone igiciro cyiza no kugabanya kwangirika.

 

4.4 Gupfunyika

Gupfunyika ibitunguru neza bikurikiza ibi bipimo bikurikira:

Kigipfunyikwamo gikomeye bihagije ku buryo cyakira uburemere bw’ ibitunguru bukenewe kugirango bitwarwe binahunikwe.

Kureka umwuka ugahita uhagije kugirango ubuhehere bukenewe buboneke

Ibihe byinshi, gushyiraho uburyo bwo kugaragaza ibisaba n’ amategeko n’ amakuru y’ ubucuruzi ya ngombwa.

Kuba hari umwuka uhagije .

Hari uburyo bwinshi gakondo bwo gufatamo ibitunguru kugirango bitwarwe cyangwa bihunikwe bitari mu byiciro bizwi byo gupakira. Ibi birimo guhambira ibitunguru, kubishyira ku mitambiko y’ imbaho, no kubirunda ibirundo bito.

Mu guhambira ibitunguru, ibijumba bizirikirwa hamwe hakoreshejwe imitwe yabyo bigakora umuba w’ ibitunguru mu rwego rwo gupakira. Ibi bijyanye no gutwara umusaruro muke. Mu gihe cyo guhunika, imiba imanikwa ku iparafo cyangwa ku mitambiko yabugenewe. umuyaga (usanzwe cyangwa udasanzwe unyura mu mitambiko, kuggirango umwuka uhagije ugere ku bitunguru byose, ubunini bw’ umufungo  ku mitambiko ntibugomba kurenza 10 cm.

Ibitunguru kandi bibikwa mu birundo bitari binini barunda ibitunguru hasi cyangwa ahantu hubakiye higiye hejuru. Kuko biba bidahambiriye, ibitunguru bishobora gusandara bikuzura icyumba bishyizwemo. Kubika ibitunguru mu birundo bituma umwanya ukoreshwa neza kandi umwuka ukanyura mu bitunguru ku buryo bumwe kurusha iyo bigerekeranye mu mifuka cyangwa ukundi kubibika bigungiye hamwe mu bintu.  Ariko, iyo guhunika mu birundo ari byo bikoreshejwe, inkuta zigomba gukomezwa iyo uhunika ibitunguru byinshi no gutengwa neza ku buryo bizoroha kubishyira mu mifuka bijya kugurishwa. Ntibyoroshye guhora ugenzura uko ibitunguru bibitswe muri ubu buryo. 

Ishusho  1 ibitunguru bipakiye

4.5 Guhunika

 Ibitunguru bishobora guhunikwa mu birundo bipakiye cyangwa bidapakiye. Guhunika bipakiye bifasha mu kwita ku bitunguru. Mbere yo guhunika, ibijumba bigomba kuba byumye neza. Tekiniki zikoreshwa zigomba gukuramo amazi mu bice by’ inyuma no gufasha ibice by’ inyuma gukomera no gufunga inkondo y’ igitunguru.

ishusho 2 ubuhunikiro bw’ ibitunguru byinshi

Isoko : theorganicfarmer.org

ubushyuhe bwo hejuru (27° C cyangwa 80°F), ubuhehere buke (< 60% RH) n’ umwuka uhagije ni ngombwa mu kumisha ibitunguru. Kurambika ibitunguru hasi ku mirara ni bwo buryo bworoshye bwo kwanikira mu murima. Bishobora kandi gukurwa mu murima bikarundwa cyangwa bigasanzwa mu mubyimba muto, bikaba byiza iyo hasi hari isima kugirango hirindwe indwara zituruka mu gitaka. Ibibazo bijyanye no kwanika hanze bishobora kuba kutuma neza, kubaburwa n’ izuba no kunyagirwa. Kwanika ahantu hubakiye byatuma hirindwa ibyo bibazo. Buryo bwiza bwo gutuma umwuka usanzwe unyura mu bitunguru ni ukugira imitambiko ifite ibirahuri ku ndiba no guhagarika imitambiko , itandukanye bihagije kugirango umwuka ubashe guhita. Niba ufite shitingi, ubushyuhe bukenewe kugirango ibitunguru byume buboneke, iyo shitingi ishobora gukoreshwa nk’ isakaro kugirango ifate ingufu z’ izuba.  Kugumisha ibijumba ku bushyuhe bukwiye, ubuhehere ni ngombwa kugirango ibitunguru byume uko bikwiye. Ubuhehere bukwiye buri hagati ya 65-75%. Hari ibigero bibiri by’ ubushyuhe . kwangirika guke kuboneka kuri 0-5°C (32-41° F), ariko umuhinzi cyangwa umuturage udafite firigo, 25-30°C (77-86° F) yaba amahitamo meza. Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru cyane cyangwa bwo hasi cyane bwongera kubora cyangwa kumera. Aba ni abanzi bakomeye b’ ubuhunikiro bw’ ibitunguru. Igisubizo cy’ ikoranabuhanga ni ugukoresha umuti ubuza ibitunguru kumera mbere yo kubihunika.

 

Imifuka ikoreshwa mu guhunika ibitunguru biri mu byiciro bitatu:

i.Imifuka y’ amagunira (zikoreshwa mu guhunika n’ umusaruro w’ ibindi bihingwa).

ii.Udushipiri, akenshi dukozwe muri pulasitiki

1. Imifuka minini, ishobora gutwara 1000 kg. Imifuka y’ amagunira iboneka mu bihugu biri mu nzira y’ amajyambere ariko ibibi byayo birimo kuba ari minini cyane ishobora kujyamo ibiro 100 bityo ikaba itoroshye guterura bikaba yakongera ibyago byo kwangiza ibitunguru.

Ubusanzwe, ibitunguru bigomba kuba bigaragara mu cyo birimo kugurango hashobore gukurikiranwa uko bimeze mu bubiko. Umwuka ugomba kuba uhita mu bijumba bibitswe kandi umufuka ukaba ushobora gushyirwaho ikimenyetso bitagoranye. Imifuka yakoreshejwe ishobora kugira uruhare mu ikwirakwizwa ry’ indwara za nyuma yo gusarura.

Imifuka y’ amagunira ikozwe n’ indodo zikomeye kandi ikagira n’ imyenge minini itandukanye kuri  10 na15 cm. imiterere y’ indodo ituma habaho imyenge ingana yose.  Iyi mifuka imeze nk’ imifuka ya jute ariko ntiyemerera kureba ibitunguru biri imbere kandi ntitume umwuka uhita neza.   Imishupiri niyo ikoreshwa cyane mu gupfunyikamo ibitunguru, iba akenshi itukura cyangwa isa n’ icunga rihishije.   

5.0      Impamvu n’ uburyo bwo kurwanya kwangirika kw’ ibitunguru nyuma yo gusarurwa

• Gutakaza cyangwa kwinjiza mazi biganisha ku kumagara cyangwa ibibabi byumye  bikajyamo amazi – guhunika no gupakira ahantu hafutse kandi humutse.
• Kwangizwa na za mikorobe bituma habaho kubora – kwanika neza no kubika ahantu hafutse , kureka inkondo ikuma neza igafunga.
• Kwangizwa n’ udusimba- guteramo imyotsi irimo umuti wica udusimba
• kumera – kubihunika mu gihe bitaragera igihe cyo kumera (igihe cyo gusinzira)  cyangwa ugateramo imiti ibuza kumera, maleic hydrazide.kubyumisha neza , kwirinda kubibika mu bukonje.    
• Gukomereka – gusarurana ubwitonzi , gukuraho uruhu rudafashe n’ imizi, gupfunyika no gupakira mu buhunikiro nogubitwara mu  mu bikoresho byabugenewe

 

6.0 Indwara n’ ibyonnyi bya nyuma yo gusarurwa

Indwara zishobora gufata ibitunguru mu gihe cy’ ubwikorezi ni izi zikurikira :

I.Uruhumbu rw’ ubururu  

Ishusho 3 uruhumbu rw’ ubururu ku gitunguru

Ni indwara iterwa na Penicillium corymbiferum. Utu duhumyo dukunda kuboneka ku bisigazwa by’ ibihingwa no ku bice by’ ibihingwa birimo bisaza. Akenshi agahumyo kinjira mu gitunguru kanyuze ahakomeretse cyangwa inkondo itumye neza.  Iyo kageze imbere mu kijumba, umurama urakura mu bipande by’ ibitunguru bigitoshye . kagakura kerekera ku buso bw’ igitunguru ahakomeretse. Ku bitunguru, kuba byarafashwe n’ uruhumbu rw’ ubururu byorohera izindi ndwara gufata igitunguru kandi zikagira ubukana bruta ubw’ uruhumbu rw’ ubururu buri bwonyine. Ibihumyo bimera neza kuri 70° kugeza 77°F. Ubuhehere bw’ ikirere bwinshi butuma utu duhumyo dukura. Kugabanya gukomeretsa ibijumba mu gihe cyo gusarura no kubyitaho ndetse no kubirinda kwangizwa n’ udusimba .Kubika ibijumba ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru butarengeje 41°F  no kubuhehere bukeya.

 

II.Uruhumbu rwirabura

Ishusho 4 uruhumbu rwirabura ku gitunguru

 Uruhumbu rwirabura ku biitunguru ruterwa n’ agahumyo kitwa ‘’Aspergillus niger’’  harimo n’ ibizinga by’ uruhumbu, imironko cyangwa ibiziga.  Uruhumbu rwirabura rufata ibitunguru nyuma yo gusarurwa, rugafata ibitunguru bihunitse.

 

Uruhumbu rw’ umukara akenshi rufata ibitunguru bihunitse ariko rushobora no kubifatira mu murima, cyane cyane iyo ibijumba byegereye kwera. Aka gahumyo kinjira mu gitunguru kanyuze mu bikomere, haba ari ku mutwe, ku kijumba, mu mizi cyangwa inkondo ikiri kuma. Ibimenyetso bigaragara cyane ku mutwe , bishobora kumanuka hepfo. Rimwe na rimwe uruhumbu rwirabura rwangiza ikijumba cyose.

 Iyi ndwara ishobora kuvurwa humishwa neza ibitunguru mu gicucu. Ingamba z’ isukura  (gusukura uturima) zizafasha kwirinda ibibazo by’ uruhumbu rwirabura. Gukura amazi mu murima uko bikwiye mu murima hirindwa ko iyi ndwara ikura. Kwita ku gusimburanya ibitunguru n’ ibindi bihingwa bitari ibyo mu muryango w’ ibitunguru ( Alliaceae : ibitunguru/ yungurusumu) kugirango hirindwe ko iyi ndwara mu gihembwe cy’ ihinga gitaha.

1. Kubora kw’ inkondo guterwa na  Botrytis

 

Ishusho 5 Kubora kw’ inkondo y’ igitunguru iterwa na Botrytis

ifata ibitunguru bihunitse n’ ubwo ituruka mu butaka. Inkondo z’ ibitunguru birwaye bimera nk’ ibirimo amazi, bigahinduka ibigina bigakomera bikipfunyapfunya.  Mu gihe cy’ ubuhehere bwinshi, uruhumbu rw’ ikijuju rushobora gukurira hagati y’ ibipande by’ ibitunguru. Gushyira ifumbire ya azote ku gihe mu murima no gusarura ibitunguru igihe byeze neza hamwe no kubitunganya neza bishobora kurwanya iyi ndwara.

VI. Kubora korohereye guterwa na bagiteri  

Ishusho 6 Kubora koroshye guterwa na bagiteri ku gitunguru

 iyi ndwara itera kwangirika gukomeye mu bubiko bw’ibitunguru. Kuri iki kigero, ahafashwe haba huzuye amazi asa n’ umweru werurutse kugera ku kigina cyerurutse. Uko kubora kugenda kwiyongera ibice by’ ibitunguru byafashwe bigenda byoroshye. Kurwanya iyi ndwara harimo kureka ibitunguru bikera neza mbere yo kubisarura. Kwirinda kubikomeretsa mu gihe cyo gusarura no gupfunyika. Ibitunguru bigomba gushyirwa mu bubiko burimo umwuka uhagije kugirango hirindwe ko ubuhehere bwinshi ku buso bw’ ibijumba. Bigomba kubikwa kuri 0^oC n’ ubuhehere 65-70%.

 

 

7.0 Gusuzuma amahugurwa

Iri suzuma rishobora gukorwa nk’ isuzuma ryandise ryihuse mu gihe cy’ amahugurwa y’ abakozi. Naho ku bahinzi, isuzuma ryakorwa mu buryo bw’ ibiganiro biyobowe, muri rusange, uhugura abaza ibibazo bituma abona ibisubizo. Isuzuma rigamije kumenya ikigero i cy’ ubumenyi abahuguwe bungutse:

1. Sobanura ibiranga ko ibitunguru byeza byo gusarurwa.
2. Sobanura uburyo bwo gusarura ibitunguru.
3. Vuga uburyo bwo kumisha no gutunganya ibitunguru n’akamaro.
4. Sobanura uko bakuraho uruhu rwumye n’ imizi n’ akamaro kabyo.
5. Sobanura uko batoranya no gushyira mu byiciro ibitunguru.
6. Vuga impamvu zo kwangirika kw’ ibitunguru mu bubiko nä uko byakirindwa.
7. Sobanura uko bapfunyika ibitunguru byo kujya ku isoko no guhunikwa.
8. Sobanura ibisabwa ubuhunikiro bw’ ibitunguru.