IYONGERAGACIRO N’ UMUTEKANO W’ IBIRIBWA KURI GAPERI

Iriburiro ku gusukura, gukuraho ibice bitaribwa no kugabanya ingano

Ishusho 2 Gaperi irimo izana imbuto (isoko: Google images, 2020)

2.2.1 Iriburiro

Gooseberry is a common name for many species of Ribes (which also includes currants) and other species of plants. The berries of those in the genus Ribes (sometimes placed in the genus Grossularia) are edible and may be green, red, purple, yellow, white, or black. Gooseberry (Emblica officinalis) is one of the important fruit with igh nutritional and medicinal properties with an excellent source of vitamin C, phytochemicals and minerals. Physical characteristics are crucial for designing the equipment for processing, handling and storage of the fruit. Processing of fruit into value added products is governed by chemical composition of fruit. Raw gooseberries are 88% water, 10% carbohydrates, 1% protein and 0.6% fat (table). In a 100-gram reference amount, gooseberries provide 44 calories and are a rich source of vitamin C (33% of the Daily Value), with no other micronutrients in significant content. The fresh gooseberry fruits are not popular as a fresh fruit due to their high astringency and their storability after harvesting is also limited due to its high perishable nature. They have a great potential in processed forms, which can have great demand in national as well as international market. Hence attention has been focused on the value addition of different value added products from gooseberries. Despite of potential source of Vitamin C traditional method of processing provides a poor quality of product with low nutrient content and limits the utilization of the fruit locally and internationally.

Gaperi ni izina rusange ku bihingwa byinshi biri mu cyiciro cya Ribes (birimo n’ imiti) n’ ubundi bwoko bw’ ibihingwa. Imbuto z’ ibihingwa bya Ribes (rimwe na rimwe bishyirwa mu bwoko bwa Grossularia) ziraribwa kandi zishobora kuba umutuku, iroza, umuhondo umweru cyangwa umukara. Gaperi (Emblica officinalis) ni rumwe mu mbuto z’ ingenzi zifite intungamubiri nyinshi n’ akamaro mu by’ ubuvuzi rukaba isoko ikomeye ya vitamini C, ibinyabutabire byo mu bihingwa n’ imyunyungugu. Ibiziranga bigaragara inyuma ni ingenzi mu gushyiraho ibikoresho bizitunganya, ibyo kuzitaho no kuzihunika. Gutunganya imbuto mo ibicuruzwa byongerewe agaciro bigengwa n’ ibinyabutabire bigize urubuto. Gaperi mbisi ziba zigizwe na 80% by’ amazi, 10% by’ ibitera imbaraga, 1% poroteyine na 0.6% ibinure. Muri g100 z’ ingano fatizo, gaperi zitanga karori 44 zikanaba isoko ikomeye ya vitamini C (33% by’ ingano igenwe ku munsi), ntigira izindi ntungamubiri zikenerwa mu kigero gito zifite ingano igaragara. Gaperi mbisi ntizikunzwe cyane nk’ imbuto mbisi kubera ugusharira cyane kwazo kandi ntibyoroshye kuzibika nyuma yo gusarura kuko zangirika vuba cyane. Zigira ubushobozi bukomeye iyo zatunganyijwe, zishobora gukenerwa cyane haba ku masoko y’ imbere mu gihugu cyangwa mpuzamahanga. Bityo harushijeho kwitabwa ku bicuruzwa bitandukanye byongerewe agaciro biturutse kuri gaperi. N’ ubwo bwose ari isoko ikomeye ya Vitamini C uburyo busanzwe bukoresha mu gutunganya butanga ibicuruzwa bitujuje ubuziranenge bifite intungamubiri nkeya kandi bikumira ikoreshwa ry’ urubuto imbere mu gihugu cyangwa hanze yacyo.

Gushyira mu mwuka cyangwa gushyira urubuto mu mazi ashyushye akanya gato mbere yo kurutunganya bishobora kugabanya ugutakaza aside asikorubike mu bicuruzwa. Urubuto rwa gaperi rugira intungamubiri nyinshi n’ umumaro ukomeye mu by’ ubuvuzi. Kuko izi mbuto zangirika vuba cyane muri kamere yazo, bikumira ihunikwa ryazo. Bityo, hitawe cyane ku bijyanye no gutunganya imbuto za gaperi kugirango zirusheho gukenerwa n’ abaguzi. Kubera gusharira kwazo, abaguzi bashidikanya kuzirya mbisi. Habayeho amagerageza yo gutunganya ibicuruzwa bidakungahaye ku ntungamubiri gusa, ahubwo binemerwa n’ abaguzi.

Guhugura abahinzi ni igikorwa cy’ ingenzi gishobora kugira uruhare mu kugira Afurika yihagije ku biribwa n’ umutekano mu mirire. Hariho itandukaniro rikomeye hagati y’ uburyo ibihugu byo mu bumwe bw’ u burayi byoroherwa no kuzuza ibisabwa n’ ingorane bigenzi byabyo byo muri Afrika bihura nazo. Biba ngombwa rero ko abahinzi bongererwa ubushobozi bahabwa ubumenyi bukenewe bwabafasha mu kuzuza amabwiriza mpuzamahanga kimwe n’ amabwiriza ya Guverinoma y’ u Rwanda. Amahugurwa y’ abahinzi azongera umusaruro kuri hegitari w’ imboga, n’ imbuto no kongerera ubushobozi mu by’ ubukungu abahinzi ba gaperi. Gusangiza abahinzi ubumenyi ku ruhererekane ngenagaciro rwuzuye no kwita ku musaruro nyuma yo gusarura gaperi bizagabanya mu buryo bukomeye ibihombo bya nyuma yo gusarura. Hamwe n’ ibi, gaperi zizaboneka igihe kirekire ngo zikoreshwe. Gaperi ni rumwe mu mbuto zamaze igihe kirekire zirekwa ngo zikure nk’ inyagihuru muri Afrika. Ariko rero, kubera inyungu nyinshi ziva mu mbuto za gaperi, iki gihingwa cy’ urubuto kiri kugenda kirushaho kumenyekana kandi ibi byatekerezwa ko ari ukubera urusobe runini rw’ ibicuruzwa byongerewe agaciro bishobora kuva ku mbuto za gaperi.

2.2.2 Ikarita y’ uruhererekane mu gutunganya urubuto rwa gaperi

2.2.3Gusarura

Gaperi zishobora gusoromwa hakoreshejwe maze zigashyirwa mu bitebo. Igihe cyo gusarura kigomba kubahirizwa bikomeye kugirango imbuto zisoromwe ari uko zeze kandi zidahiye bikabije. Mu gihe cyo gusarura, ni ngombwa kwita ku kurobanura vuba no gushyira mu byiciro. Kurobanura no gushyira mu byiciro gaperi byakoroshya ugutandukanya imbuto zo mu cyiciro cyo hasi n’ izo mu gihanitse byihuse. Imbuto zifite ubuziranenge buhanitse zigira ibiciro byisumbuyeho ku by’ izangiritse cyangwa izifite ingano ntoya.

Ibara ry’ inkongoro y’ ururabo akenshi rigaragaza ubukure bwa gaperi. Iyo inkongoro ifite ibara ry’ ikigina cyererutse, cyangwa zimwe mu mbuto zigahunguka, icyo gihe gaperi ziba zigeze igihe cyo gusoromwa. Imbuto zikunze kuba zikuze ku buryo zasarurwa iminsi 60 kugeza ku minsi 100 nyuma yo kurabya.

Igihe cyo gusarura gishobora kumara amezi 3 kugera kuri 4. Mu Rwanda, bimwe mu bice byorohereza ikura rya za gaperi zigatanga umusaruro mu bihembwe bibiri. Ibi ni ibice cyane cyane bigwamo imvura nyinshi inshuro ebyiri mu mwaka.

Iyo gaperi zibungabunzwe neza, zitanga umusaruro mwiza mu myaka 2 cyangwa 3.

2.2.4 Gusukura

Mu gusarura gaperi, ni ngombwa kwitonda mu gukuraho uduti n’ ibishishwa bike bidafasheho neza. Ugukuraho ibishishwa by’ inyuma ni ingenzi kuko bituma isukura ry’ imbuto ryoroha. Gusukura bikuraho ubutaka ku bishishwa by’ inyuma bikanagabanya ingano ya za mikorobe. Ni ngombwa buri gihe gukoresha amazi atemba. Kugirango usukure neza, ibitaka byose bifashe ku buso n’ ibisigazwa byose bigomba gukurwaho. Mu gufasha kubungabunga ubusugire bw’ imbuto, imbuto zigomba kwibizwa mu ruvange rw’ umunyu n’ amazi. Ushobora gukurikiza izi ntambwe zoroshye zikurikira:

I.Oza gaperi mbisi mu mazi y’ akazuyazi

II.Kata uruti n’ iby’ inyongera by’ ikigina ukoresheje inzara z’ intoki cyangwa ubikatishe umukasi muto.

Ishusho 4 imbuto za gaperi zasukuwe (isoko: Food hacks wonderhowto.com, 2020)

2.2.5 Ikurwaho ry’ ibice bitaribwa

Mu gutunganya gaperi, ukeneye gukuraho ibice by’ imbuto bitaribwa. Intambwe y’ ingenzi ni ugukuraho agati k’ urubuto ukoresheje intoki. Ni byiza gukuraho igishishwa cy’ inyuma cy’ urubuto kugirango usigarane urubuto gusa. Ikurwaho ry’ igice cy’ imbuto kitaribwa rishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe igikoresho gisanzwe cyo mu gikoni nk’ icyuma.

2.2.6 Gutandukanya cyangwa kugabanya umubyimba

Gutonora gaperi bifasha mu gukamura maseduwane cyangwa umutobe w’ imbuto. Ibi bijyana n’ igicuruzwa ushaka gukora. Gutonora bigizwe no gukuraho “uruhu” rw’ urubuto cyangwa igishishwa cy’ inyuma kugirango ubashe kugera ku rubuto neza. Bijyanye n’ ikigero cy’ imikorere, ibi bishobora gukoreshwa agakoresho gakata cyangwa icyuma kandi ku nganda zihamye, imashini zikozwe neza zishobora gukoreshwa.

Ishusho 5 Gukata imbuto za gaperi (isoko: foodandwine.com, 2020)

3.0 Amahame n’ uburyo bw’ iyongeragaciro

3.1 Kurinda gaperi kwangirika n’ uburyo bwakoreshwa

Ibihombo bya nyuma yo gusarura imbuto n’ imboga bishobora kwitirirwa ukwangirika vuba kw’ imbuto bitewe no kuba zifitemo amazi menshi. Biba ngombwa rero kubungabunga imbuto n’ imboga kugirango ziboneke zibashe gukoreshwa igihe kiruseho. Kubungabunga imbuto birimo tekiniki z’ ibungabunga zoroshye nko gukonjesha, gufunga mu mikeba, gutara, kongeramo umunyu, kumisha cyangwa kuvanamo amazi.

3.1.1 Kumisha

Kumisha ni uburyo bwo kubungabunga n’ iyongeragaciro kuri gaperi hakoreshejwe ikurwamo ry’ amazi cyangwa kugabanya amazi ari mu rubuto. Imbuto za gaperi zifitemo amazi menshi bityo zakwangirika vuba nyuma yo gusarurwa. Hariho uburyo bwinshi bwo kumisha; kumisha hakoreshejwe izuba, kumisha hakoreshejwe izuba no kumisha imbuto hakoreshejwe ifuru. Imbuto zumishijwe zishobora guhunikwa igihe kirekire ugereranyije n’ imbuto mbisi.

Kumisha imbuto bigizwe no gukuramo amazi y’ urubuto. Ibi bikunze gutuma icyanga cy’ urubuto gihinduka bitewe no kuvanamo amazi akarishye. Iyi mirimo nayo ihindura imiterere y’ imbuto ikazihindura nk’ uruhu.

Imbuto zumishijwe iyo zibitswe mu gipfunyika gikwiye zigahunikwa ku bushyuhe busanzwe zishobora kumara umwaka zihunitswe cyangwa ukarenga.

Uburyo bwo kumisha ndetse n’ igihe bimara kumisha imbuto biterwa n’ ubwoko bw’ urubuto n’ uko rushobora gukoreshwa byihuse.

Mu gutunganya bigamije ubucuruzi, kumisha imbuto n’ imboga hakoreshejwe ifuru birakundwa n’ ubwo ushobora no kumisha ukoresheje imirasire kimwe no kumisha ku zuba ariko bigakoranwa isuku.

Ukumisha koroshye ukoresheje ifuru kugizwe:

Imyiteguro igizwe no gusukura urubuto neza ukuraho umwanda n’ ibisigazwa byose noneho ukazihanaguza agasume cyangwa ukazireka zikumuka. Bibamo kandi gukuraho ibice bitifuzwa cyangwa bitaribwa.

Kweza imbuto aribyo guwushyushya by’ igihe gito n’ ubwo bitashyigikirwa kuko bitera ihinduka ry’ icyanga.

Kumisha kwa nyako- gushyira imbuto zakaswe mu ifuru yumisha. Ibi bikunze gukorwa kuri dogere F 150. Bisaba kwitonda ugatondeka uduce tw’ imbuto mu matereyi nta kavuyo kugirango twume neza. Ibi bishobora gukorwa mu masaha cyangwa amasaha atarenze 24.

Kugenzura umusaruro uko wuma no gutuma imbuto zivanwamo igihe zumye hirindwa ko zashirira.

3.1.2 Gushyiramo umunyu

Ibi birimo kongera umunyu mu mbuto. Ibi byifashisha ubushobozi bw’ umunyu bwo gutuma za bagiteri zigorwa no kubaho. Utwo tunyabuzima akensi turapfa kubera gushiramo amazi. Ibi bituma urubuto rubasha kubikika igihe kirekire ku bushyuhe busanzwe. Gaperi zashyizwemo umunyu mu buryo bworoshye zakorwa hakurikijwe izi ntambwe.:

Sukura maze urobanure gaperi.

Biriza amazi mu gikoresho/ikigega, wongeyemo ibirungo/ibinyabutabire birinda kwangirika

Amazi natangira kubira, shyiramo gaperi maze ubireke bibire iminota 2 kugera kuri 3.

Gaperi zimaze guhora, zisuke mu icupa ry’ ikirahuri, maze uryuzuze ya mazi wari wazitetsemo

Kata urusenda rw’ icyatsi kibisi maze urwongeranemo n’ umunyu

Shyira icupa mu bushyuhe busanzwe umunsi 1.

Bika urwo ruvange muri frigo

Gaperi zashyizwemo umunyu

3.1.3 Gukonjesha

Gukonjesha ni bumwe mu buryo bworoshye bwo kubungabunga imbuto mu kugabanya ibihombo bya nyuma yo gusarura kandi butuma imbuto ziboneka igihe kirekire. Ni ugukoresha ubukonje ku mbuto kugamije kugabanya ukwangirika. Ariko rero, ni ngombwa kwirinda ko imbuto zakwangizwa n’ ubukonje. Gukonjesha imbuto bigomba gukorwa zigisarurwa. Niba imbuto zigomba kujyanwa aho zikonjesherezwa, ubwikorezi bugomba gukorerwa mu kirere kigenzuwe. Gukonjesha bigabanya imikorere ya za anzime, bigahagarika kororoka kwa za mikorobi bikagabanya n’ imikorere y’ amazi. Kwikora k’ urubura bishobora kwangiza ireme ry’ imbuto.

3.1.4 Kwinka

Kwinika bigizwe no kubungabunga imbuto mu mvange zirimo imyunyu cyangwa izindi mvange zikarishye. Uburyo bworoshye bwo kubungabunga imbuto muri vinegere, umunyu cyangwa uruvange bisa. Uburyo bworoshye bwo gutwikira

Oza gaperi uzikuremo amazi maze uzishiyire mu macupa.

Ongeramo isukari, vinegere, amazi mu ngunguru maze ubibize.

Ongeramo umunyu maze uvange neza.

Konjesha maze wongeremo tangawizi n’ urusenda rw’ icyatsi kibisi.

Bisuke kuri za gaperi maze ubireke umunsi 1 mbere yo gupakira/kurya.

Gaperi zinitse zimara ukwezi bikimeze neza.

Gaperi zinitswe

3.1.5 Gutara

Gutara biri mu mirimo y’ iyongeragaciro n’ iyo kubungabunga. Gutara ni imirimo igizwe no kubungabunga amasukari y’ ibitera imbaraga mo alukolo cyangwa aside z’ ibinyabuzima. Gutara imbuto bikunze kuvamo ikorwa ry’ umuvinyo ushobora kuba utukura cyangwa wera.

Ubwoko bw’ umuvinyo, yaba itukura cyangwa yera ni amahitamo kamere.

4.0 Ikoranabuhanga ry’ iyongeragaciro

4.1 Iriburiro

Kongerera imbuto agaciro ni imwe mu ntambwe z’ ingenzi mu guharanira kuzirinda kwangirika. Iyo imbuto zeze mu ngano nini, bishobora kurenga ugukenerwa kwazo maze umusaruro munini ukangirika. Mu kwirinda ibihombo nk’ ibyo no gutuma ubuhinzi bw’ imboga, indabo n’ imbuto bugira agaciro mu by’ ubukungu ku bahinzi n’ abandi bafatanyabikorwa mu ruhererekane ngenagaciro, ukongerera imbuto agaciro ni ingenzi.

4.2 Inyungu zo kongerera gaperi agaciro

I.Bigabanya kwangirka k’ umusaruro nyuma y’ isarura maze bigafasha mu iboneka ry’ ibiribwa n’ intungamubiri.

II.Leads to production of commercially demanded products such as wine, yogurt and this earns more money in the gooseberry value chain

III.Bituma habaho itunganywa ry’ ibicuruzwa bikenewe mu bucuruzi nk’ umuvinyo, yawurute kandi ibi byinjiza amafaranga aruseho mu ruhererekane ngenagaciro rwa gaperi

IV.Bituma intungamubiri zo muri gaperi ziboneka igihe kisumbuyeho.

V.Mahirwe yo guhanga imirimo mishya, binyuze muri nganda zitunganya umusaruro, maze bikazamura imibereho y’ abagize urwo ruhererekane ngenagaciro.

4.3 Amoko y’ ibikorwa nyongeragaciro kuri gaperi

4.3.1 Gukora forumaje n’amavuta y’ imbuto

Nyuma yo kubahiriza intambwe zo gusukura no kugabanya ingano byagaragajwe mu gice cya 3 hejuru, imbuto mbisi zashyizwe mu byiciro zikanarobanurwa zishobora kwifashishwa mu ikorwa rya forumaje. Intambwe zoroshye zikurikira zishobora kwifashishwa:

Shyira imbuto mbisi mu ipanu y’ amazi akonje. Bireke bibire wongeramo umutobe w’ indimu na aside sitirike ku mbuto zigira aside nkeya. Ikigero cya aside muri gaperi gishobora kugenzurwa maze hakagira ibihindurwa.

Hakoreshejwe akayunguruzo cyangwa umwenda wa nilo, kuba imbuto ugamije gukuramo umubiri. Korana isuku wirinda kwanduza.

Ongera ingano bihwanye y’ isukari muri uwo mubiri maze ukoroge kugeza yivanze. Ushobora kureka urwo ruvange rukabira isaha 1 cyangwa ugategeeza uko forumaje ibyimba.

Ku mavuta y’ imbuto, biza uwo mubiri w’ imbuto kugeza ufashe ukoroga kandi ugenda wongeramo isukari. Biriza urwo ruvange kugeza rubyimbye rukanamera nk’ amavuta.

Amavuta y’ imbuto aba yatunganye iyo nta matembabuzi akirimo (nta matembabuzi akigaragaramo)

Forumaje y’ imbuto iba yatunganye igihe ikiyiko kinyujijwe mu ipanu gisiga umurongo usukuye unanutse.

4.3.2 Gutunganya umutobe

The fruits are preserved either in water or salt solution for a couple of weeks for the commercial preparation of products. In the quality of the juice processed from fruits steep preserved in water for 30 days was assessed during storage upto 9 months under ambient conditions. The juice is prepared from fruits withdrawn at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 days of steeping preservation in water, pasteurized at 90°C and preserved with 500 ppm SO2 in glass bottles under ambient conditions. The contents of ascorbic acid and polyphenols in fresh juice decreased from 309 to 43 mg/100 ml and 3.09 to 0.57 per cent, respectively, when extracted from fruits after 30 days of steeping preservation. In juice, prepared from fruits steep preserved for more than 10 days, the decline in nutritional quality will be more pronounced.

Imbuto zibikwa mu mazi cyangwa uruvange rw’ amazi n’ umunyu ibyumweru bikeya kugirango zibashe gutunganywamo ibicuruzwa. Ubuziranenge bw’ umutobe watunganyijwe mu mbuto zabungabunzwe mu mazi iminsi 30 bwarasuzumwe mu gihe wari umaze mu mezi 9 ubitse bisanzwe. Umutobe utegurwa mu mbuto zakuwemo ku minsi 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 na 30 mu mazi, ugashyushywa kuri ^oC 90 maze ukarindwa kwangirika hakoreshejwe ibice 500 bya miliyoni bya SO₂ mu macupa y’ ibirahuri ku bushyuhe busanzwe. Aside asikorubike na za polifenolu byo mu mbuto mbisi byaramanutse biva kuri mg309 bigera kuri mg43/ml100 no kuva kuri 3.09 kugera kuri 0.57 ku ijana, uko bikurikirana, iyo ukamuwe nyuma y’ iminsi 30 yo kubungabungwa. Mu mutobe wateguwe mu mbuto zabungabunzwe iminsi irenze 10, igabanuka mu ntungamubiri rirushaho kwigaragaza.

Umutobe wa gaperi

Igishushanyo cy’ uruhererekane rw’ imirimo

Imbuto za gaperi

Koza

Gukuramo utubuto no gutandukanyamo ibice

(1:1) Kongeramo amazi

Kunyuza mu gikoresho kizitonora

Kuyungurura

Kubiza ku bushyuhe bwa ^oC78

Kongeramo KMS

Kuzuza mu macupa yasukuwe

Gushyusha ugahita ukonjesha mu minota 20

Gukonjesha

Igishushanyo cy’ uruhererekane rwo gutunganya umutobe wa gaperi

4.3.3 Yamu

Yamu ni umutsima ufashe w’ imbuto ukungahaye ku buryohe bw’ umwimerere w’ imbuto. Pegitine yo mu mbuto ituma zigira amasukari menshi bifasha mu kurinda kwangirika. Yamu itegurwa habirizwa umubiri w’ imbuto n’ umutobe hamwe n’ ingano ihagije y’ isukari kugeza bifashe bihagije ngo utunyangingo tw’ imbuto tugume mu mwanya watwo. Yamu nziza y’ imbuto igomba kuba ifite 45 ku ijana by’ imbuto, 68 ku ijana by’ ibifatika byose bivanga n’ amazi na 0.5 ku ijana by’ ubusharire. Yamu nziza cyane ishobora gutegurwa mu moko agira utugozi duke n’ ijanisha riruseho ry’ umubiri

Imbuto zihishije zikomeye.

Koza

Gutonora

Gukora umubiri

Kongeramo isukari (ongeramo amazi niba ari ngombwa

Kubiza (ukomeza gukoroga)

Kongeramo aside ya sitirike

Gusuzuma ko byatunganye ukomeza guteka kugera kuri ^oC105 cyangwa 68-70 ku ijana cyangwa isuzuma rikoresha urupapuro

Kuzuza bigishyushye mu macupa asukuye

Gukonjesha

Gupfundikira

Kubika(ku bushyuhe busanzwe)

Igishushanyo cy’ uruhererekane rw’ikoranabuhanga mu gutunganya yamu

4.3.4 C Imbuto za gaperi zifunze mu bikombe

Gufunga mu bikombe ni ugutunganya gaperi hakoreshejwe ubushyuhe mu kugabanya ingano ya za mikorobe ku mbuto no gutuma igicuruzwa kiba kirinzwe za mikorobe kikanaramba igihe kiruseho. Ibi bikorwa hasudirwa aribyo uruhererekane rw’ ubushyuhe mu guharanira umutekano mu by’ ibiribwa kuri gaperi. Ubushyuhe butose busanzwe bukoreshwa mu gusukura igipakiwemo n’ imbuto. Ibi bikorwa kuri dogere selisiyusi 121 mu minota 25. Iyi mirimo izamo gufunga imbuto mbere yo gusudira.

4.3.5 Uburyo bwo gukora umuvinyo

Gukora umuvinyo muri gaperi ni bmwe mu buryo bw’ ikoranabuhanga ryafasha mu gushyiraho igicuruzwa kiramba kandi binongera agaciro mu by’ ubucuruzi k’ imbuto. Ikoranabuhanga ryongera agaciro ryo gukora umuvinyu ni uburyo kamere kandi busaba uruhare ruto cyane rwa muntu. Uru ruhererekane rugizwe n’ intambwe eshanu z’ ingenzi zirimo; gusarura, kwenga no gukanda, gutara, kuyungurura no gutereka no gufunga mu macupa

1.Gusarura

As discussed in chapter 3, only mature gooseberries should be harvested. The harvested gooseberry should have a reliable number of fermentable sugars to yield high quality alcohol. The harvesting should be done at the physiological maturity. To date, a blend of science and old-fashioned tasting determine the maturity of gooseberries for harvesting. After harvesting, sorting and grading, the gooseberries deemed fit for wine making are subjected to crushing and processing.

Nk’ uko byavuzwe mu gice cya 3, gaperi zeze nizo zonyine zisarurwa. Gaperi zasaruwe zigomba kuba zifite ingano ihagije y’ amasukari atarika kugirango zivemo alukolo yujuje ubuziranenge. Gusarura bigomba gukorwa gaperi zeze ariko zitaruma. Kugeza uyu munsi, urukomatane rwa siyansi n’ ugusogongera bitakigezweho nirwo rugaragaza ubukure bwa gaperi zo gusarurwa. Nyuma yo gusarura, kurobanura no gushyira mu byiciro, gaperi zagaragajwe ko zikwiriye gukorwamo umuvinyo zirasekurwa zikanatunganywa.

Gusekura no gutunganya

Iyi mirimo yifashisha imashini zisekura zikoresha imbarga aho kuba imirimo y’ umuntu nk’ ibisanzwe. Izi mashini zisekura zinoza neza umurimo maze zikagabanya igihe cy’ ubukererwe bw’ uburyo gakondo bukoreshwa mu kwenga imbuto mo ibikatsi. Uru ruhererekane rurimo gutandukanya umutobe w’ imbuto n’ umubiri wazo. Gukoresha imashini mu gukanda no gusekura byongera cyane ubuziranenge bw’ umuvinyo ugereranyije n’ uburyo gakondo bukoresha abantu. Ni ukwitonda mu gutandukanya utubuto, ibihu n’ ibifatika.

Gutara

Gushya bya kamere kw’ imitobe y’ imbuto kubaho mu masaha 6-12 iyo washyizwe ahantu hagera umwuka. Ku mpamvu z’ ubucuruzi, hongerwamo imisemburo gakondo. Ibi bikorerwa mu nzengero zimeze neza cyangwa mu bibikwamo bisukuye. Inzengero zimwe na zimwe zigenzura uru rugendo zica imisemburo karemano zigashyiramo iyazo zishaka. Iyo urugendo rwo gushya rutangiye, uruhererekane rurarekwa ngo rukomeze mu minsi 21. Kuri iki cyiciro, amasukari yose ahindurwa alukolo. Alukolo iba mu masukari iva ku 10% kugera kuri 15% bitewe n’ agace byakorewemo n’ ukwera kw’ imbuto.

4.kuyungurura

Iyo gutara birangiye, imirimo yo kuyungurura ihita itangira. Ibi bishobora gukorwa binyuze mu gukoroga no kuvoma. Kuyungurura no kuvunura nabyo bishobora gukorwa muri iki cyiciro. Kuyungurura bishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe akantu kanoze cyangwa akayunguruzo.

gukura no gushyirwa mu macupa

Icyiciro cya nyuma mu gukora umuvinyo kigizwe no kuwureka ugasaza maze ukawushyira mu macupa. Ushobora guhitamo guhita uwushyira mu macupa cyangwa kuwureka ugasaza ho iminsi mike maze ukabona kuwushyira mu macupa.

4.4 Ibicuruzwa byongerewe agaciro

Ishusho 6 Umuvinyu wa gaperi. Igicuruzwa cyongerewe agaciro (isoko: Hooky.co.uk

ishusho 7 Imbuto za gaperi zumishijwe. Zishobora kubikika umwaka 1 (isoko: 123rf.com,2020)

Ishusho 8 Yawurute ya gaperi, kimwe mu bicuruzwa bigurishwa byongerewe agaciro (isoko: MilliesYork.Uk, 2020)

5.0 Iriburiro ku guharanira ubuziranenge

Ishusho 9 Ikirango cy’ ikigo cy’ igihugu gitsura ubuziranenge (Isoko: Macuruzi.com, 2020

5.1 Iriburiro

Hariho imirongo migari yagaragajwe neza nka HACCP, imihingire myiza kimwe n’ imitunganyirize myiza. Iyo mirongo migari ishyirirwaho kurinda abaguzi ba nyuma b’ ibicuruzwa bitunganywa kimwe no kurinda impande zigira uruhare mu bucuruzi. Amabwiriza ashyirirwaho kugena ubuziranenge bw’ ibicuruzwa no gutuma ibyifuzwa ku isoko byuzuzwa. Amabwiriza yashyizweho bihinduka indangagaciro ukugenzura ubuziranenge no kubuharanira byashyirwaho.

Kugirango habeho ubucuruzi bufite akamaro, haba ku rwego rw’ igihugu no ku rwego mpuzamahanga, amabwiriza y’ ubuziranenge bw’ ibiribwa bikoreshwa nk’ imwe mu nyandiko zigenga ibigomba kugurishwa. Aya mabwiriza akenshi ashyirwaho n’ impande zirebwa mu mikorere y’ ikigo gishinzwe ubuziranenge. Aya mabwiriza akenshi ashyirwaho ku bushake kandi bishingiye ku mahitamo y’ impande bireba. Ariko rero, iyo amabwiriza ashyizweho aba agomba kubahirizwa n’ izo mpande kugirango ibicuruzwa byuzuze ibisabwa. Gushyiraho amabwiriza y’ ubuziranenge bigizwe n’ imirimo yo kurema, kwemeza no gushyira mu ngiro amabwiriza. Amabwiriza arinda abaguzi akanatuma habaho ibisabwa byagaragajwe neza abatunganya n’ abacuruzi bagomba kuzuza

5.2 Iby’ ibanze biranga ishyirwaho ry’ ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge

Amabwiriza agira uruhare rukomeye mu koroshya ubucuruzi. Amabwiriza, ashyirwaho ku bushake ashobora gutanga inshingano mu buryo bw’ amategeko kandi akanakoreshwa nk’ ibanze mu masezerano hagati y’ abatunganya n’ abaguzi. Amabwiriza agomba kugaragaza buri gisabwa mu buryo busobanutse kandi ibisabwa bigomba kuba byapimwa mu buryo bworoshye haganishwa ku ntego. Ku mirimo y’ ubuhinzi n’ ibiribwa, iby’ ibanze kurusha ibindi mu biranga amabwiriza ni:

1.Amagambo akoreshwa

Ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge bigomba kuba yanditswe mu rurimi rwumvwa na buri wese

Ishusho Igishushanyo kigaragaza kutagira ururimi (isoko: Quizzclub.com)

Uburyo bwo gusuzuma ibyatoranijwe

Uburyo bwo guhitamo ibihagararira ibindi bugomba kuba buboneye, bugaragaza ubuziranenge, buharanira ubuziranenge, kugenzura ubuziranenge n’ imicungire hagendewe ku uko ibintu bimeze.

3.Kugaragaza umwihariko w’ igicuruzwa no gushyira mu byiciro

Ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge ku biribwa agomba kuba afite ibyihariye kuri buri kigize icyo kiribwa. Imbibi zigomba gushyirwaho neza no kugaragazwa byihariye mu byiciro.

4.Ibisabwa mu kwita kuri gaperi, ubwikorezi no guhunika

Amabwiriza agenga ibiribwa agomba kugaragaza byihariye ibipakirwamo ibiribwa runaka. Ibisabwa mu kwita , ubwikorezi no guhunika kimwe n’ igihe kirekire igicuruzwa kigomba kumara kitarangirika.

Ishusho 11 Imodoka itwara imboga zitoshye (isoko: Tata Motors, 2020)

5.3 Umutekano w’ ibiribwa n’ ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge byubahirizwa

Umutekano w’ ibiribwa ni imirimo yose ikorwa ku biribwa mu gutuma bitazagira ingaruka mbi ku muguzi wa nyuma niba byakozweho kandi bigategurwa mu buryo bwa nyabwo. Umutekano w’ ibiribwa rero ugira uruhare rw’ ingenzi mu ruhererekane ngenagaciro ruhera mu murima rukagera ku isahani.

Hariho amoko anyuranye y’ ibipimo by’ umutekano w’ ibiribwa arimo:

Amabwiriza ajyanye n’ imibare- atanga imbibi mu by’ agaciro cyangwa ingano yemewe bya buri kigize ikiribwa.
Ibipimo bigenga ibikorwa- imirongo migari ku buryo ibiribwa bigomba gufatwa mu ruhererekane ngenagaciro rwose.
Amabwiriza agenga imikorere aba agenewe cyane cyane imicungire.
Ibipimo by’ umutekano w’ ibiribwa akoreshwa ku ruhererekane ngenagaciro rwa gaperi arimo ariko mtagarukira kuri aya:

HACCP- ni ugushyira mu bikorwa akenshi n’ abakora ku biribwa bibafasha kugenzura buri cyiciro/ruhererekane ibiribwa bigezemo.

Imikorere myiza mu gutunganya igicuruzwa- bigaragaza umucyo ku bisabwa by’ ibanze n’ ibyitezwe n’ ikigo gitunganya ibiribwa mu guharanira ko ibiribwa bitunganywa biba bifite ubuziranenge buhanitse.

Ibipimo bya ISO- amabwiriza mpuzamahanga akoreshwa mu kwemeza abahinzi n’ ibindi bigo. Hariho ibiciro bisobanutse neza bya ISO kuri buri mbumbe y’ amoko y’ ibigo.

5.4 Iby’ ibanze biranga ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge

Ihame rusange rirebana n’ ibigize amabwiriza rigomba kuba rifite:

1.Uburyo bwo gusuzuma buri kimwe gisabwa

Igipimo gikwiye neza agomba kugaragaza neza uburyo buri gisabwa kizasuzumwa, nk’ urugero, niba ubuhehere bw’ igicuruzwa by’ ikiribwa bugomba kuba buri munsi ya 14%, nko kuri byinshi mu binyampeke, amabwiriza meza agomba kugaragaza, uburyo bwo kumenya ubuhehere, akenshi hakoreshwa uburyo bwa AOAC

2.Kwirinda isubiramo

Figure 12 Gusubiramo bitera gutakaza igisobanuro rusange (isoko : reword.ca, 2020)

Ibipimo by’ ubuzirnennge bigomba kuba byihariye kandi ntibyisubiremo. Ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge bigomba kuba bisobanutse kandi impungenge zose z’ urujijo no kwisubiramo zikirindwa. Ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge bigomba kuba bifite uburyo bumwe bisobanurwamo.

3.Ubundi buryo bw’ isuzuma

Ibipimo by’ ubuziranengebikwiye bigomba kugira amahitamo arenze amwe mu kugaragaza buri ikigize ibisabwa. Nk’ urugero, ibipimo by’ ubuziranenege bishobora gutanga amahitamo arenze amwe yo kumenya uburemere bw’ igicuruzwa. Ibi bishobora gufasha impande bireba koroha no gukoresha ibishobora kuboneka byoroshye kandi bidatwara ikiguzi kinini mu gusuzuma buri gisabwa.

4.Ingano zitangazwa n’ uwakoze igicuruzwa

Ibipimo byiza bigomba kugaragaza ibisabwa bigomba kugaragazwa n’ uwakoze igicuruzwa. Ibi bizafasha mu kugenzura igicuruzwa. Ushobora kugenzura ingano z’ ibisabwa nk’ uko ziteganywa n’ ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge kandi ukanagenzura ko zihuye n’ izagaragajwe n’ uwakoze igicuruzwa.

5.Ishyirwamubikorwa ry’ iby’ ibanze by’ ibiimo by’ ubuziranenge

Ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge binoze bigomba kugaragaza neza uburyo bw’ ishyirwamubikorwa bwayo n’ ibisabwa. Ibi bigomba kugaragazwa neza mu rurimi ababifitemo uruhare bose basobanukirwa kimwe no kugira ubusobanuro bumwe. Ningombwa kwirinda cyane ikoreshwa rya za ntera zitaziguye . Hakenewe kurasa ku ijambo.

6.Avoidance of duplication

Urujijo mu gihe cyo gushyiraho ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge ntirugomba kwihanganirwa Gusubiramo bigomba kwirindwa, ibipimo bigomba kwandikwa neza mu buryobusobanutse.

7.Ukwifashisha amabwiriza

Hariho ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge mpuzamahanga byashyizweho n’ imiryango nka CODEX kimwe n’ ikigo cy’ igihugu gitsura ubuziranenge. Mu kwandika ibipimo, ibyifashishijwe bigomba kugaragazwa ni ukuvuga, aho amakuru yifashishijwe yavanywe.

5.5 Akamaro k’ amabwirizwa

Ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge byandikirwa kugera ku mutekano n’ ukwizerwa kw’ igicururzwa.

Kugabanya ibisohoka no kongera ubworoherane.

Ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge biteza imbere ubucuruzi bwaba ubw’ imbere mu gihugu no hanze yacyo

Ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge bishobora gushyiraho ishingiro ry’ ubwumvikane hagati y’ impande ebyiri.

Ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge bishobora gukoreshwa nk’ igikoresho cyo koroshya ibiganiro, ibipimo, ubucuruzi no gukora ibicuruzwa

6.0 Ugukurikirana igicuruzwa

Inzira isobanutse kandi igera ku ntego yo kugarura igicuruzwa cyari cyoherejwe n’ ikurikiranwa irakenewe mu gutuma habaho ukubahiriza bikomeye amabwiriza mpuzamahanga n’ ay’ imbere mu gihugu agenga ibiribwa. Ugukura k’ ubucuruzi bw’ imboga gukenera ugukurikirana igicuruzwa gukwiye. Ubushobozi bw’ ubucuruzi cyangwa ifamu bwo gukurikirana ingendo z’ ibicuruzwa by’ ibiribwa bitandukanye (ibikoreshwa shingiro, imbumbe z’ ibiribwa n’ ibicuruzwa bitunganyije) mu ruhererekane rwose rw’ igemura (guhera mu murima kugera ku ikanya) burakenewe cyane kuko butuma abaguzi bahabwa ibyo bifuza mu buryo bwuzuye. Inzira nziza y’ igicuruzwa igira inyungu nyishi.

6.1 Ibyiza byo gukurikirana igicuruzwa

1.Umutekano w’ ibiribwa

Gukurikirana ibiribwa bituma umuntu ashobora gukurikirana ibikoreshwa by’ ibanze guhera ku wabigemuye kugera ku gicuruzwa gitunganyije. Kubikurikirana rero bituma itunganywa ry’ ibiribwa rikurikiza intambwe za HACCP nk’ uko zigaragazwa bigendanye n’ igicuruzwa runaka n’ inkomoko z’ ibikoreshwa by’ ibanze, ugukurikirana bituma habaho umutekano w’ ibiribwa. Abaguzi baba bahangayikishijwe n’ ibiribwa barya n’ inkomoko zabyo. Ugukurikirana gutuma utunganya ashobora kumenya umuguzi wafashe icyo kiribwa bityo agashobora gushyiraho inzira yoroshye yo kugarura igicuruzwa.

Ishusho 13 Ukwibutsa umutekano w’ ibiribwa (Isoko: food safety switch, 2020)

Ukumenya aho igicuruzwa giherereye mu gihe runaka

Ugukurikirana kandi kugizwe no kumenya neza aho ibicuruzwa byo mu ipaki runaka runaka giherereye n’ ibikigize byakoreshejwemo. Ubushobozi bwo kumenya aho ibicuruzwa biherereye kuri buri cyiciro cy’ uruhererekane ngenagaciro butuma habaho gahunda zihamye zo kugaruza ibicuruzwa. Bigira kandi umumaro wisumbuyeho haba kuri kompanyi no ku baguzi. N’ ubwo ku rwego rw’ igihugu hadakorwa ikurikiranwa ry’ ibicuruzwa ryinshi mu mpererekane ngenagaciro z’ imboga, isoko ryo mu mahanga risaba ko habaho inzira ihamye kandi isobanutse y’ ikurikiranwa ry’ ibicuruzwa.

3.Byoroshya igikorwa cyo gukosora

Kumenya aho ipaki runaka iherereye bituma habaho gahunda ihamye yo kugaruza cyangwa ibikorwa biboneye byo gukosora mu gihe hari ikibazo cy’ ubuziranenge cyagaragaye.

4.Kuzuza ibisabwa

Ikoranabuhanga ryizewe kandi ryagenzurwa ry’ uburyo ibicuruzwa bikurikiranwa ni ingenzi kuko rituma igicuruzwa cyuzuza ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge bishya kimwe n’ ibisabwa n’ ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge by’umuryango mpuzamahanga w’ umutekano w’ ibiribwa.

6.2 Ibigize urusobe r’ ikurikirana

Hari ibintu bitatu by’ ingenzi bigizeurusobe rw’ ikurikirana:

Uburyo bwo kumenya ibikurikiranwa- harimo guhitamo amoko ya kodi zigaragaza n’ imiterere.

Uburyo bwo gushyira mu nyandiko impinduka- uruhererekane rw’ igemura ry’ ibiribwa rurimo ukugenda kw’ ibikoreshwa biva mu murima kugera ku meza rufite ibyiciro by’ impinduka (uguhinduka kw’ igicuruzwa kiva mu kiciro kimwe kijya mu gikurikiyeho cy’ igicuruzwa cyongerewe agaciro). Bityo rero hakenewe kwandika izi mpinduka. Bityo, kugirango habeho urusobe rwiza rw’ ikurikirana, hagomba kubaho uburyo bwizewe bwo gushyira mu nyandiko izo mpinduka.

Uburyo bwo kubika amakuru aranga ibikurikiranwa- nyuma yo kumenya ibya nyabyo bikurikiranwa, intambwe ikurikiraho mu rwungano rw’ ikurikirana ni ugushyiraho uburyo buhagije bwo gufata amakuru ku byiciro by’ impinduka.

6.3 Imbogamizi ku gukurikirana ibiribwa

Kugirango ugire gahunda y’ ikurikirana mu buryo bifite akamaro, cyane cyane ku bigo by’ ubucuruzi bitoya, hariho imbogamizi nyinshi ugomba guhangana nazo. Ikiguzi cyo gutangira kiri hejuru. Kugira ikoranabuhanga ryashyizweho neza ngo rikore neza nabyo bisaba tekiniki nyinshi. Bityo, mu gushyiraho gahunda y’ ikurikiranwa ikora, ikigo cyangwa umuntu ku giti cye agomba gutsinda imbogamizi zikurikira:

Ikiguzi gihanitse cy’ ibungabunga- ikiguzi cyo gushinga no kubungabunga kiri hejuru cyane

Gusuzuma amakuru birakomeye kandi bitwara igihe- ukeneye gushaka abanyamwuga babishoboye bo kugufasha mu gusuzuma amakuru. Ibi bisaba ibiguzi bihanitse.

Ubumenyi bw’ abaguzi bwariyongereye- abaguzi barasaba kumenya ibyo bari gufungura mu by’ ukuri n’ inkomoko y’ ibikoreshwa by’ ibanze. Hariho ibisigazwa by’ ibinyabutabire? Itunganya rikorerwa hafi ya kompanyi runaka cyangwa hariho uduce tw’ ibyuma biremereye? Hariho ukwiyongera k’ ubumenyi bw’ abaguzi kandi basaba kumenya niba imboga zarahinzwe hakoreshejwe uburyo kamere cyangwa niba atariko bimeze na cyangwa niba ibikoreshwa by’ ibanze byarabonetse mu buryo buboneye.

Amategeko n’ amabwiriza akaze- amategeko arasobanutse neza ku kuba ari ngombwa kubahiriza amabwiriza y’ ubuziranenge mpuzamahanga cyangwa ay’ imbere mu gihugu. Gukurikirana igicuruzwa bizatuma kigenzurwa mu ruhererekane ngenagaciro rwose kugirango babashe kumenya isoko iyo ariyo yose ishoboka y’ uguhumana.

6.4 Ibiranga urusobe rwiza rw’ ikurikirana

I.Inyandiko za nyazo

Ugukurikirana kwiza kuba gufite amakuru yose akenewe arimo ariko atagarukira ku: amakuru y’ itumanaho y’ impande zose zifite uruhare mu ruhererekane rw’ igemura, urutonde rw’ ibiribwa n’ ubigemura, urutonde rw’ ibiranga igicuruzwa, ukumenya icyiciro ngo byoroshye ikurikirana, ibikoreshwa by’ ibanze na kode zabyo, amataliki yafashwe neza n’ ibiyaranga, uko byari bimeze mu itunganya cyangwa ikorwa, uko byari bimeze mu bubiko n’ ibipakirwamo bigaragajwe neza, uwabitwaye n’ ikwirakwiza.

II.Ugukurikirana no gucunga umutungo neza

Ikoranabuhanga ryizewe rigomba gukoreshwa mu gukurikirana ibikoreshwa by’ ibanze kugera ku gicuruzwa kirangiye.

Kwitegura gutanga igisubizo

Gahunda nziza y’ ikurikirana ishyiraho uburyo bwo gutanga igisubizo kidakererewe mu gihe habayeho ihumana ry’ ibiribwa

7.0 Ukubungabunga n’ imikoreshereze y’ ibikoresho/ibitunganya

Ishusho 14 Kubungabunga imashini (Isoko: parsable.com, 2020)

7.1 Iriburiro

Imashini cyangwa ibikoresho bigomba guhora bibungabungwa mu gihe runaka kugirango birambe imyaka iruseho no kugirango imikorere yabyo yiyongere kandi igihe imashini imara ipfuye kigabanuke. Ukubungabunga gukumira kuvuze ukubungabunga guhora gukorwa ku gikoresho ngo hagabanywe ibyago by’ uko cyananirwa gukora. Uku kubungabunga gukorwa ku gikoresho kiri gukora mu kugabanya ibyago by’ uko cyapfa. Ukubungabunga kurinda byungura binyuze mu kugabanya ibiguzi, kugabanya igihe igikoresho kimara kidakora, kongera igihe umutungo uramba n’ ukugera ku ntego zawo n’ umutekano w’ ahakorerwa. Hariho amoko umunani y’ ukubungabunga gukumira.

Kubungabunga bishingiye ku gihe- bigizwe no kujya usimbuza ibice nyuma y’ igihe runaka. Inshuro bikorwa akenshi ziba zikurikije uko zavuzwe n’ uwayikoze na cyangwa uko yari isanzwe ikora.
Ukubungabunga guteganya- ibi cyane cyane ni ukubungabunga kwateganyijwe. Kurimo kugaragaza igihe igice cy’ igikoresho gishobora kunanirwa gukora no kubikemura mbere y’ uko bibaho. Bifasha mu kugabanya igihe igikoresho kizamara kidakora. Ubu buryo kandi bufasha gutegura imirimo y’ ibungabunga bishingiye ku bumenyi ku buzima bw’ ibikoresho muri rusange n’ imikorere iteganyijwe. Ubu bunararibonye buboneka binyuze mu gukusanya no gusuzuma amakuru.
Ukubungabunga gukosora- mu gihe ibungabunga rikumira rikorwa uko ryateguwe hakagaragara ikibazo, ikibazo kigomba gukemurwa byihuse hatabayeho gutanga ibwiriza ry’ imirimo rishya. Bityo, ni imirimo yo gukosora ikorerwaho.
Ukubungabunga kwategetswe- ibi bijya gusa kubungabunga gukumira kuko bitanga ibisubizo bya nyuma bisa mu guteganya. Ariko rero, byifashisha isuzuma riruseho, kwiga imashini n’ ubwenge bw’ ubukorano mu gutanga ubumenyi mu guteganya ibungabunga n’ igihe cyo kubikora.
Kugenzura bishingiye ku byago- bikorwa ku gikoresho hagamijwe kugabanya iyangirika mu mikorere hagenzurwa urugero rw’ ibyago bijyanye n’ igikoresho maze hakibandwa ku mirimo y’ ibungabunga.
Kubungabunga bishingiye k’ uko ibintu byifashe- birimo kugenzura uko ibintu byagaragaye ko igikoresho cyifashe cyangwa imashini mu kugena ubwoko bw’ ibungabunga bukenewe n’ igihe cyo kurikora. Iby’ ingenzi byo kwitabwaho mu kugenzura uko ibintu bimeze ni: ibigaragara, uduce twavuye ku gucika, ubushyuhe n’ ijwi.

Ukubungabunga gushingiye ku kuba ikibazo cyagaragaye- ibi bikunze gukorwa ntacyo byitayeho niba igice cya cyangwa igikoresho kikiri gukora. Bishobora kwitwa kubungabunga gushingiye ku bugenzuzi. Ubu buryo bw’ igenzura bukora ku kunanirwa gukora kwagaragajwe binyuze mu igenzura.

7.2 Inyungu zo kubungabunga gukumira

Bigabanya igihe ubucuruzi cyangwa imirimo yo mu murima imara idakorwa no gukinga biturutse ku kunanirwa gukora kw’ ibikoresho.

Byongera igihe igikoresho gishobora kumara.

Bituma abakozi bakora gusa mu gihe cyateganyijwe (bigabanya inyishyu yo gukora amasaha y’ umurengera)

Bigabanya mu buryo buhagije ibyago bijyanye n’ umutekano haba ku bakozi n’ abaguzi.

Less energy consumption and thus reduces bills.

Bitwara ingufu nkeya maze bikagabanya ibiguzi.

7.3 Imbogamizi z’ ukubungabunga gukumira

Imbogamizi z’ ingengo y’ imari n’ ibyo kwitabwaho

Gutegura bitwara igihe n’ isuzuma

Igihe cy’ abakozi n’ umutungo

Ukwica gukabije kw’ ibungabunga rikumira

Bisaba gutegura

8.0 Umwanzuro

Ingo zikora imirimo yo mu murima nizo za mbere zigira uruhare mu mpinduka kandi mu rwego rwo kongera umusaruro kuri hegitari mu ruhererekane ngenagaciro rwa gaperi mu Rwanda, ni ngombwa kwerekeza aya mahugurwa ku bahinzi cyangwa amatsinda y’ abahinzi. Amahugurwa y’ abahinzi mu buryo bworoshye kandi butuma byoroha gufata ibyigishwa atera impinduka ziruseho ku buzima bw’ abahinzi bakeneye kumenya uko bikorwa mu buryo bwa tekiniki. Iyi mfashanyigisho y’ amahugurwa yatumye uruhererekane ngenagaciro ruhindura icyerekezo rugamije kongerera ubushobozi abahinzi. Mu gufasha kongera umusaruro wa gaperi uboneka kuri hegitari, ibi bikurikira bigomba gukorwa:

Gukaza amahugurwa y’ abahinzi hagamijwe guhindura imitekerereze yabo ikava kuri gaperi z’ igihuru bagatangira kubona gaperi nk’ igihingwa cyacuruzwa.

Guha uruhare abahinzi mu buryo bw’ uruhererekane ngenagaciro rwuzuye mu gihe abahinzi bamenyerezwa ibicuruzwa byongerewe agaciro by’ ingenzi n’ ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora ibyo bicuruzwa ku ngo zikora imirimo yo mu murima.

Guha umukoro abahinzi yo gutangira guhinga gaperi. Isoko rigambiriwe rigomba kuba ari iryo hanze y’ igihugu maze bityo amabwiriza y’ ingenzi agomba kumenyeshwa abahinzi.

Guhugura abahinzi ku mabwiriza mpuzamahanga n’ ay’ imbere mu gihugu y’ ubuziranenge agenga imikorere n’ ubucuruzi bya gaperi.

Guverinoma y’ u Rwanda ishyireho amafaranga mu ngengo y’ imari mu kongera by’ umwihariko umusaruro wa gaperi.

Amashakiro

AffirmX. (2020, November 30). Battling the Language Barrier. Retrieved from Affirmx.com: https://www.affirmx.com/2016/03/21/battling-language-barrier/
Cartercenter. (2020, November 30). The Carter Center. Retrieved from Trachoma Health Education Materials Library: Flip Charts: https://www.cartercenter.org/health/trachoma_education/flipcharts.html
Tata Motors. (2020, November 30). Fruit and Vegetable Van gallery. Retrieved from Tatamotors: https://www.tatamotors.co.tz/product/applications/distribution/fruit-and-vegetable-van/

Amashakiro y’ ifoto iri ku gifuniko