1.0 Iriburiro

Iyi nyigisho izakoreshwa mu guhugura abakozi bakorana n’ abahinzi nabo bakazahugura abahinzi (amahugurwa y’ abahugura). Ibyiciro byombi by’ amahugurwa bizakorwa mu buryo bw’ ibiganiro kandi ingero zifatika zizakoreshwa herekanwa ibyo bahugurwaho. Kugirango hashobore gushyirwa mu bikorwa ibyo duhugurwamo, amahugurwa azabera hafi y’ umurima. Igihe bidashoboka, abahugurwa bazasura umurima mu gihe isarura no gufata neza umusarura bizaba birimo bikorwa.

Gaperi zibarizwa mu cyiciro cy’ imbuto ntoya. Kubera ko zigira ubuso buto ugereranyije n’ umubyimba wazo, zibora vuba nyuma yo gusarurwa kubera gutakaza amazi no guhumeka. Bitewe kandi n’ uko zigira amazi menshi, zibora byoroshye kubera ikura rya za mikorobe (kubera gusharira,  cyane cyane bitewe n’ uduhumyo tutagaragara), kuribwa n’ inyamaswa ziziruta nk’ udusimba twangiza imyaka n’ imbeba no kwangirika bigaragara. Ni ngombwa rero gufata neza umusaruro wasaruwe mu rwego rwo kubungabunga ubuziranenge bw’ imbuto zigitoshye. Imbuto zigomba gusarurwa ari uko zagejeje ku bukure burusha ubundi kuba bwiza (zikomeye, zihishije, zifite ibara kuva ku muhondo ujya kuba icyatsi kugera ku mutuku) hagakoreshwa uburyo butuma zitangirika mu buryo bugaragara cyangwa ngo zanduzwe n’  ibisigazwa, ubutaka n’ utunyabuzima duto tutagaragara. Ibikorwa by’ ingenzi bya nyuma y’ isarura birimo kurobanura, gushyira mu byiciro, gusukura, gukuuraho ibyatera indwara, gupakira no guhunika.

Ibihombo byaba ibyo mu buryo bw’ ingano n’ ubw’ ubuziranenge bibaho ku musaruro w’  imboga, imbuto n’ indabo biba mu gihe kiri hagati yo gusarurwa no gukoreshwa. Ibihombo bijyanye n’ ubuziranenge, nk’ ibyo mu ukuribwa, ubuziranenge bujyanye n’ intungamubiri, ingano y’ ibitera imbaraga, no kuba abaguzi bakemera umusaruro ukiri mubisi, biragorana kubisuzuma kurusha ibihombo bijyanye n’ ingano. Ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge, amahitamo y’ abaguzi n’ ubushobozi bwo kugura bihindagurika cyane mu bihugu n’ imico kandi iri hindagurika rigira ingaruka ku imenyekanishabikorwa n’ ingano y’ ibihombo bya nyuma y’ isarura.

Iyi nyigisho rero igamije gufasha abahinzi b’ imboga, indabo n’ imbuto bato kugera kuri ibi bikurikira:

1. Kunguka ubumenyi bubafasha kumenya ubukure bw’ igihe cyo gusarurwa
2. Kunguka ubumenyi bw’ uburyo buriho bwo gusarura kugirango babashe guhitamo uburyo butuma babungabunga ubuziranenge bw’ imbuto bakagabanya ko zatakaza ubuziranenge.
3. Kunguka ubumenyi n’ ubumenyingiro bw’ ibikorwa byo kwita ku musaruro wasaruwe birimo kurobanura no gushyira mu byiciro, gusukura no kwica udukoko dutera indwara, gupakira bibungabunga ubuziranenge haba mu buhunikiro no ku isoko.
4. Kunguka ubumenyi no gushyira mu bikorwa uguhunika gukoranywe ubwitonzi kukagabanya ibihombo mu buhunikiro.

2.0 Ibyo kwitabwaho mbere yo gusarura

Urubuto rwa gaperi rusarurwa iminsi 60 kugera ku minsi 100 nyuma yo kurabya cyangwa iyo utubabi tw’ ururabo  dufite ibara risa n’ iry’ icyatsi cyumye cyangwa ikigina cyerurutse, cyangwa imbuto zigahunguka. Urubuto rugomba kuba ruhiye ariko rukomeye. Igihe cy’ isarura kimara amezi 3 kugera kuri 4. Kubera imvura ikunda kwiganza mu bihe bibiri muri Rwanda, gaperi zishobora gusarurwa inshuro ebyiri mu mwaka. Igihe cya mbere gihera muri Kamena kikagera muri Nzeri, naho icya kabiri kigahera mu Ukuboza kikagera muri Werurwe. Urubuto ruba rwasarurwa hashize iminsi 55 indabo zarwo zumye cyangwa igihe utubabi tw’ ururabo twumye, aricyo gihe gaperi ihisha ikaryohera.

Ibara ry’ urubuto naryo rirahinduka rikaba hagati y’ umuhondo n’ iry’ icunga rihishije. Gaperi ishobora no gusarurwa igihe urubuto rwagize ibara ry’ icyatsi kugera ku ry’ umuhondo, maze ikarekwa ngo ihishe. Imbuto zisarurwa buri nyuma y’ ibyumweru 2 kugera kuri 3. Gaperi zikomeza kwera mu gihe cy’ imyaka 2 iyo zafashwe neza. Umusaruro wa mbere uza mu gihembwe cya kabiri nyuma yo gutera. gaperi zo gutekwa zigomba gusarurwa zitarahisha neza mu gihe izo kuribwa zikiri mbisi cyangwa ziherekeje amafunguro zigomba kurekwa zikabanza zigahisha neza zikiri ku giti. Gaperi zigira uburyohe bwuzuye iyo zarekewe ku giti ngo zihishe. Gaperi zihishije zigira ibara ryuzuye.

3.0 Gusarura

Imbuto zikunze gusarurwa igihe ibihu by’ inyuma cyangwa utubabi tw’ ururabo byumye kandi bikagira ibara ry’ umuhondo. Gukuraho igihu bigaragaza urubuto rufite ibara ry’ umuhondo rijya gusa n’ iry’ ubuki kandi rutoshye. Imbuto zisarurwa zisoromwa n’ intoki zigakurwa ku bihingwa buri byumweru 2 kugera kuri 3, nubwo abahinzi bamwe na bamwe bahitamo kuzunguza igiti maze bagatoragura imbuto zaguye hasi bagirango babone imbuto zeze ku kigero kimwe. Ubu buryo ariko butera ibihombo by’ umusaruro biremereye kubera ugukomereka iyo imbuto ziguye ku butaka, gufatwa n’ umwanda na za mikorobe no kugwa kw’ imbuto ziteze.

Mu bihe by’ imvura cyangwa ibihu, imbuto ntizisarurwa kugeza igihingwa cyumye. Imbuto zitose zigomba kwanikwa ku zuba by’ igihe gito. Imbuto zasaruwe zitoragurirwa mu bitebo gakondo, indobo za pulasitiki, n’ ibindi. Imbuto zasaruwe zigomba gushyirwa mu gicucu cyangwa zikarindwa urumuri rw’ izuba. Umusaruro w’ igihingwa kimwe umara ibyumweru bitanu kugera kuri bitandatu. Sarura gaperi z’ uruti rufite amahwa ufatira ishami hejuru ukoresheje ikiganza kimwe cyambaye akarindantoki maze usorome cyangwa winjize ikindi kiganza cyawe cyambaye akarindantoki ahagana hasi ku ruti bituma gaperi zigwa mu kintu. Ibyiza ni ukwambara uturindantoki dukozwe mu ruhu ruremereye kuko amahwa ajombana cyane.

Mu rwego rwo kubyaza umusaruro ubukonje bw’ igitondo, imbuto zigomba gusarurwa kare mu gitondo maze zigashyirwa ahantu hatwikiriye akaba ariho zikorererwaho imirimo yose ikurikiraho. Ibi ni mu rwego rwo kwirinda ko ubushyuhe bwo mu murima bwazirundaho zigashyuha maze bikagabanya igihe zizamara zitoshye mu buhunikiro. Imbuto ziratonorwa zigakurwaho ibihu n’ uruti, maze zikozwa hakoreshejwe amazi arimo Chlorine (koroline) cyangwa metabisuklphite (500 – 600 ppm bya chlorine cyangwa 300-500ppm bya sodium/potassium metabisulphite) byo kuzikuraho ubwandu.

4.0 Gufata neza umusaruro nyuma yo gusarurwa

4.1  Kurobanura no gushyira mu byiciro

Kurobanura bikorwa mu rwego rwo gutandukanya umusaruro mubi n’ umwiza. Kurobanura bivanamo imbuto zifite inenge, izirwaye, iziteze, izihiye cyane, izifite ishusho mbi cyangwa into cyane:

• Ubukure/uguhisha
• SIngano
• Ishusho
• Ibara/uguhisha
• Uburemere
• Kuba zidafite ubusembwa nk’ udusimba, indwara n’ ukwangizwa.

4.2  Gupfunyika

Imbuto zigomba gupfunyikwa bigendanye n’ ibyiciro kuko ibi bifasha mu kugena ibiciro. Gaperi zigomba gupfunyikwa mu buryo burinda umusaruro neza. Ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gupfunyikwamo bigomba kuba ari bishyashya, bisukuye, kandi bifite ubuziranenge mu rwego rwo kwirinda ko byakangiza umusaruro haba imbere cyangwa inyuma. Ikoreshwa ry’ ibikoresho, cyane cyane iry’ impapuro na za kashe biriho ibiranga ubucuruzi riremewe, iyo gusa gucapwaho no gushyirwaho ibirango bakozwe hifashishijwe wino cyangwa kole itari uburozi. Ku isoko ridandaza, imbuto zishobora gupakirwa mu dutete tw’ impapuro cyangwa pulasitiki kugirango igaragazwa ryorohe.

4.3 Guhunika

Gaperi zigomba gusarurwa hakoreshejwe udutete twa pulasitiki dusukuye kandi twumutse. Imbuto zigomba guhunikwa ahantu hatwikiriye, hagera umwuka uhagije. Ni ngombwa kudakuraho utubabi tw’ ururabo kugeza igihe cy’ ikoreshwa. Imbuto zifite utubabi tw’ ururabo tumeze neza zishobora kumara ibyumweru 4 kugera kuri 6 zikiri nzima ku bushyuhe busanzwe ahantu hagera umwuka uhagije. Kugirango zihunikwe igihe kirekire, gaperi zishobora guhunikwa kuri 2-4 °C mu mezi 4 kugera kuri 5.

Mbere yo gupakirwa no guhunikwa, imbuto zigomba kubanza kwinikwa mu mazi ya chlorine (reka ibipimo bitegetwe mu kwita ku mboga n’ imbuto hifashishijwe water guard cyangwa uruvange rwa Milton) maze zigashirwa ahantu hakonje ngo zumuke zita amazi. Kwinika muri 0.2% bya sodium cyangwa potassium metabisulfite nabyo byakoreshwa mu gusukura imbuto

4.4 Ubwikorezi

Hagomba kwirindwa ko imodoka zapakirwa bikabije kugirango umusaruro wo hasi udahonyorwa. Muri rusange, umusaruro ugomba gutwikirizwa igitwikirizo mu rwego rwo kwirinda ko ukonja cyangwa ukabora, ariko ntibikorwe ku minsi iriho ubushyuhe, aho gututubikana no gushyuha bishobora kubaho, igitwikirizo ntigishyirweho. Gupakira mu modoka bigomba gukorwa mu buryo burinda ubucucike bwakwangiza umusaruro. Ni byiza gukoresha amakreti kuko ashobora kugerekeranywa imbuto zitaryamiranye.

5.0 Ibitera kwangirika nyuma y’ isarura n’ uko byakwirindwa

• Kwangizwa n’ udusimba n’ inyoni- kuzipakira mu buryo buzirinda
• Kubora no gushya bitewe n’ ikura rya mikorobe - gukoresha umuti wica mikorobe
• Gutakaza amazi bitera kumagara/kwipfunyapfunyika no gutakaza uburemere - gupakira, guhunika ahakonje ku buhehere bw’ 8%.
• Guhumeka bitera gutakaza isukari n’ uburyohe - gupakira mu buryo budasiga umwuka no guhunika ahakonje.
• Kwangirika kugaragara mu gihe cyo gusarura no gutonora n’ ugutewe n’ imikoreshereze y’ ibikoresho mu buhunikiro no mu bwikorezi - gira ubwitonzi mu gihe ufite imirimo uri gukora ku musaruro.
• Kwangirika kw’ imikorere y’ utunyangingo mu buhunikiro bukonjeshejwe- hunika ku bushyuhe buruta ubwatera ukwangizwa n’ ubukonje.

6.0 Indwara n’ ibyonnyi bifata umusaruro nyuma yo gusarura

I.Inyoni

 Inyoni, cyane cyane inuma, zishobora gutera ibibazo byinshi birimo kurya ingemwe, amaso, amababi, imbuto n’ imboga.

Ishusho 1 Gaperi za move zihishije

Icyakorwa: rinda ibihingwa inyoni ubitwikiriza urushundura cyangwa igitwikirizo gikozwe mu bwoya. Kadahumeka n’ ubundi buryo bwo gutera inyoni ubwoba bikora igihe gito, ariko uburyo bwizewe kurusha ubundi ni ugutwikiriza imyaka ikintu cy’ ubwoya cyangwa urushundura.