AMAHUGURWA KU GUFATA NEZA UMUSARURO WA TUNGURUSUMU

1.0Iriburiro

Iyi nyigisho izakoreshwa mu guhugura abakozi bakorana n’ abahinzi nabo bakazahugura abahinzi (amahugurwa y’ abahugura). Ibyiciro byombi by’ amahugurwa bizakorwa mu buryo bw’ ibiganiro kandi ingero zifatika zizakoreshwa herekanwa ibyo bahugurwaho. Kugirango hashobore gushyirwa mu bikorwa ibyo duhugurwamo, amahugurwa azabera hafi y’ umurima. Igihe bidashoboka, abahugurwa bazasura umurima mu gihe isarura no gufata neza umusarura bizaba birimo bikorwa. Uhugurwa kandi azajyanwa murugendo ku byiciro bibiri by’ isoko.

Tungurusumu iri mu muryango umwe n’ ibitunguru, umuryango wa Allium family kandi yegereye cyane ibitunguru udutunguru duto (shallot) na puwaro. Gusarura no kwita ku musaruro bya tungurusumu bias n’ iby’ ibitunguru. Ibikorwa by’ ingenzi bya nyuma yo gusarura byo kongera ubuzima bwa tungurusumu birimo kumisha, kuzitunganya no kuzitaho kugirango zimare igihe kirekire mu buhunikiro. Itandukaniro ry’ ingenzi hagati ya tungurusumu n’ ibitunguru by’ ibijumba ni imiterere y’ ikijumba. Mu gihe ibitunguru bigizwe n’ ikijumba kimwe , tungurusumu zigizwe n’ utujumba twisnhi tubumbiye hamwe.

Imbuto n’ imboga zangirika mu bwinshi no mu bwiza hagati yo gusarurwa no kuribwa. Gutakaza ubuziranenge, nk’ ibijyanye no kuba zishobora kuribwa, kuba zujuje intungamubiri, agaciro zifite mu bitera imbaraga no kwemerwa n’ abaguzi kw’ imbuto zigifite umwimererere biruhije gusuzuma kuruta gusuzuma ingano.   Ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge, amahitamo y’ abaguzi n’ ubushobozi bwo kugura bihindagurika cyane hagati y’ ibihugu n’ imico, kandi uko gutandukanya bigira ingaruka zifatika ku gushobora gucuruzwa n’ igipimo tuvugaho ko umusaruro wangiritse.

Kwandura kw’ imboga nka tungurusumu bishobora guturuka ku mazi yanduye, guhura n’ itaka cyangwa umukungugu, guhura n’ amatungo. Ibyanduza bishobora gutera indwara birimo udukoko dutera indwara, cyane cyane utunyamaswa cyangwa ibisigazwa by’ ibinyabutabire bituruka ku miti yica ibyonnyi. Kwandura bishobora kwirindwa hakoreshwa uburyo bukwiye bwo kwita ku biribwa. Ubu burimo:

• Kwita ku mazi
• Isuku ku mubiri
• Koza no gutera umuti wica udukoko ibikoresho
• Kwirinda kwandura guturuka ku matungo
• Gukoresha neza ifumbire ikomoka ku matungo
• Kwirinda kwanduzwa n’ ibinyabutabire

Aya mahugurwa rero agamije gufasha abahinzi baciriritse b’ imboga kunguka ubumenyi n’ ubumenyingiro mu:

1. Kumenya ibiranga ko tungurusumu yeze.
2. Uburyo bukwiye bwo gusarura tungurusumu.
3. Gushyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwo kwanika no kumisha tungurusumu kugirango hongerwe igihe imara
4. Gutoranya no gushyira tungurusumu mu byiciro.
5. Uburyo bukwiye bwo gupfunyika imiteja ijya ku isoko.
6. Uburyo bukwiye bwo gupfunyika no  kubika tungurusumu.

2.0 Ibyitabwaho mbere yo gusarurwa

Amoko ya tungurusumu atandukanye cyane mu gihe zimara zisinziriye, haba ari igihe zimara zitaratangira kumera ziri mu buhunikiro, cyangwa nyuma yo gutera. Ikigero cyo kwera k’ utujumba igihe cyo gusarura kigira aho gihurira n’ igihe cyo gusinzira. Utujumba twasaruwe ibibabi bikiri icyatsikibisi zisaba igihe kinini cyo kumera kuruta izasaruwe zeze neza ibibabi byarumye. Gutinda gusarura tungurusumu mbere y’ uko ibibabi byunama aribyo bigaragaza ko byeze, bituma bitabikika neza. Gutinda gusarura tungurusumu bituma habaho mu gutandukana no kumera kw’ ibijumba.  Gushyiramo ifimbire nyinshi ya azote no gushyiramo amazi menshi mu gice cya nyuma cyo gukura no kwera byangiza kubikwa kwa tungurusumu. Kumera ni ikibazo gikomeye mu guhunika tungurusumu.

3.0 Gusarura

Gusarura tungurusumu bias n’ uko basarura ibitunguru by’ ibijumba. Tungurusumu zisarurwa iyo ibice byo hejuru byaguye kandi bikaba byumye rwose. Ubusanzwe, ibi bifata iminsi 100 kugeza 140 kuva ku gutera. Abahinzi bagomba kwitondera ko igihe cyo gusarura bakoresha ibikoresho bisukuye byo gusaruriramo nk’ ibitebo cyagwa udutete, ibyuma, udupfukamunwa, imifuka cyangwa ibindi bikoresho byose byo gusaruriramo. Ibikoresho gakondo bishobora gukoreshwa hakusanywa tungurusumu nk’ udutete tw’ ibiti, ibitebo bikozwe mu bibabi by’ imikindo, cyangwa ibindi bikoresho byifashishwa mu kurinda ko tungurusumu zihura n’ itaka.

Abahinzi  bagomba kandi guhitamo ahantu haboneye mu murima hasukuye kandi hari igicucu gihagije. Gusarura bishobora gukorwa n’ amaboko, urandura cyangwa ukoresheje isuka y’ ikanya. Nyuma yo kurandura, ibijumba bishobora kurekerwa ku mirara kugirango byume mu minsi 7 kugeza 10  mu murima. Ibijumba byuzuje ubuziranenge bwo hejuru  biba bisukuye, ari umweru ( ibara riterwa n’ ubwoko bwa tungurusumu  wahinze) kandi byumye neza. Tungurusumu yeze neza iba ifite inkondo n’ ibibabi byumye neza. Ibijumba biba bikomeye iyo ubikozeho. Ku isoko rya tungurusumu zitoshye risaba nibura ko tungurusumu igira umurambararo wa cm 4. Ibi bikurikira ni bimwe mu bigomba kwitabwaho:

• Tungurusumu zera nyuma y’ amezi 4-6 months after planting. Nyuma yo gutera
• Gusarura muri Kanama kugeza mu Ukwakira igihe ikirere n’ ubutaka byumutse .
• Kurandura ibijumba no kubirekera mu murima igihe cy’ icyumweru kugirango byume.

4.0 Kwita kumusaruro

4.1 Kwanika no kumisha

Ibi bikorwa byombi ni ngombwa mu kwita kuri tungurusumu nyuma yo gusarurwa. Kwanika bikorwa kugirango hakurwemo amazi y’ umurengera mu gice k’ inyuma no mu nkondo kugirango hirindwe ko zabora igihe zihunitswe. Tungurusumu zanitswe neza kandi zumye ziba zifite uruhu ryumye rufashe neza kuri buri kajumba by’ umwihariko iby’ inyuma n’ inkondo ifunze neza kuri buri kajumba. Kumisha ni igikorwa cy’ inyongera gifasha ibara ry’ uruhu kwigaragaza neza no gutuma ibijumba bikomera bikinjira mu cyiciro cyo gusinzira. Kumisha ibijumba by’ ibitunguru cyangwa tungurusumu bisaba kumisha inkondo kugeza ku minsi itanu babishyira ahantu hashyushye kandi humagaye.

Kuberako kumisha bitangira igihe kwanika bikiri gukorwa, ibyo bikorwa byombi byitwa kumisha. Tungurusumu ifatwa nk’ iyumye iyo inkondo ifatanye, ibipande by’ inyuma byumye kandi yatakaje 3 kugera kuri  5% by’ uburemere yari ifite isarurwa. Ibijumba bya tungurusumu, nyuma yo gusarurwa, byumishirizwa mu murima babishyira ku mirara ku buryo ibijumba byo ku murongo umwe birindwa izuba n’ ibibabi byo ku murongo ukurikiyeho. Ibi bikorwa mu gace ubushyuhe buringaniye.

Igihe ibijumba byumishirijwe mu murima, bishobora kurekerwamo biri ku zuba cyangwa birunzwe mu birundo. Zishobora gutwikirwa buhoro kugirango bizirinde kubaburwa n’ izuba kandi bikagenzurwa buri munsi kugirango harebwe uko inkondo yuma. Ibijumba bishobora kumishirizwa mu mifuka yabugenewe. Iki gikorwa gishobora gutwara igihe kirekire kurenza kwanika ku zuba kuko umwuka muke ariwo unyuramo ariko ushobora gutuma ibijumba byose byuma ku kigero kimwe.  Gutinza ibijumba ku zuba bishobora gutuma uruhu rwangirika bigatuma byarushaho kwibasirwa no kubora mu buhunikiro. Mu bihe bisanzwe, bifata hafi icyumweru kugirango ibibabi n’ ibipande by’ inyuma byume.

Nyuma yo kumishiriza mu murima, ibijumba byumishwa ahantu harimo hacamo umwuka uhagije kandi hari igicucu mu minsi 7 kugeza ku 10 bigifite ibice byo hejuru cyangwa nyuma yo kubikata ugasiga 2.5 cm z’ inkondo. Imizi yose ivanawaho rwose. Byagaraye ko tungurusumu zirekeweho ibibabi zimara igihe kurusha izo babikaseho. Kumisha hadakoreshejwe uburyo busanzwe bishobora gukorwa hoherezwa umwuka ushyushye ku kigero cya 27 kugeza kuri 35^oC mu cyumba zumishirizwamo. Bitwara hafi amasaha 48 ngo bibe byumye neza iyo ubuhehere buri kuri 60-70%.  Kumisha ibijumba ni ngombwa kandi bigira umumaro wo kongera ubuzima bw’ ibijumba bibitse amezi mesnhi.

4.2 Gutoranya no gushyira mu byiciro

Ibijumba bya tungurusumu, nyuma yo kumishwa bishyirwa hejuru y’ igikoresho kibishyira mu byiciro cyangwa bigahsyirwa mu byiciro hakoreshejwe intoki mbere yo guhunikwa cyangwa gucuruzwa. Ibijumba byose bifite inkondi ubyimbye, bisadutse, byakomeretse, birwaye cyangwa byatewe n’ udusimba bikurwamo mbere yo guhunikwa.Gushyira mu byiciro by’ ubunini bikorwa nyuma yo gutoranyaKumenya icyo abaguzi bashaka hagendewe ku cyanga, kugaragara neza, n’ ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge bishobora kuyobora neza ku musaruro ugomba ku gurishwa ku isoko ry’ imbere mu gihugu. Buri soko rifite umwihariko waryo ku bireba n’ ishusho, ibara, n’ ubuziranenge bw’ ibiribwa. Abahinzi bumva neza ibi bipimo bashobora kwita ku gusarura umusaruro wabo mwiza cyane wo kugurisha ku isoko no gukoresha usigaye ibindi nko kubigaburira amatungo cyangwa gukoramo ifumbire.  Hakurikijwe ingano (umurambararo) tungurusumu zishyirwa mu byiciro bitatu; inini (30-35 mm), izigerereye (25-30 mm) n’ into (10-25mm). Ibyiciro by’ inini n’ izigerereye nibyo gusa bigomba guhunikwa. Gushyira mu byiciro ni ngombwa kugirango uzabone ibiciro byo hejuru no kwirinda kwangirika byaturuka ku kubora.

4.3 Gupfunyika

Ubwoko bw’ ibipfunyika bihitwamo mu guhunika ni ingenzi mu kurinda ubuziranenge no kurinda kwangirika. Ibikoresho bisanzwe bishobora gukoreshwa kuko bihendutse kandi biboneka hafi ariko bishobora kutaramba mu rugendo rurerure. Ibikoresho bisanzwe bishobora kandi bitujuje ubuziranenge kandi bikaba bidahuje mu ngano no mu ireme, bishobora gutera umusaruro kwangirika.

Ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe bikoreshwa mu gupfunyika harimo ibiti, impapuro, pulasitiki, cyangwa ibindi bikoresho karemano cyangwa ibikorano. Ibiti byagiye bikoreshwa mu gukora udutete, ariko byaje gusimbuzwa ibindi bikoresho bitewe n’ uko ibiti biremera kandi bigahenda. Udutete dukozwe mu biti kandi ziruhije gusukura, bituma bitoroha kudukoresha incuro nyinshi. Ibikoresho bikoze mu biti bishobora kugira imisozo ityaye bishobora kwangiza umusaruro.

Tungurusumu ipfunyikwa mu dufuka tw’ utuyungiro tw’ ingano iri hagati ya 40kg na 60kg.  hakurikijwe amategeko agenga gushyira mu byiciro no gupfunyika, gupfunyika bigomba gukorwa mu dufuka twa nilo dufite imyenge tw’ ibiro 8, 25   50.  Kuri tungurusumu zo kohereza ku isoko mpuzamahanga, gupfunyika bigomba gukorwa mu makarito apfumaguye y’ imiguno 10  zishobora gutwara  ibiro 18 na 25.  Tungurusumu zipfunyitswe mu dufuka twa nilo zangirika buke kuko umwuka uzihitamo neza. 

Ishusho1 Tungurusumu zipfunyitse

4.4 Guhunika

Guhunika imbuto n’ imboga bifasha kongera igihe cyo gucuruza umusaruro, kurinda ko ibiciro bigwa, kubika umusaruro kugeza igihe utunganyirizwa no kugabanya kwangirika igihe bihunitswe igihe kirekire. N’ ubwo guhunika bigirira abahinzi umumaro munini, ibibazo byinshi bishobora kuvuka byatuma habaho habaho gutakaza ubuziranenge cyangwa kwangirika kwinshi. Imbuto n’ imboga zimwe na zimwe ntiziberanye no guhunikwa.

Guhunika  no gupfunyika nabi bishobora kandi kugabanura ubuziranenge bw’ umusaruro. Ku kigero icyo ari cyo cyose, zaba iz’ isoko ry’ imbere n’ isoko mpuzamahanga, tungurusumu zigomba guhunikwa ahantu hafutse, humutse kandi hari umwuka uhagije. Ibi bifasha gukomeza igikorwa cyo kwanika no kumisha aho byaba bitakozwe neza. Mu bubiko bw’ ubucuruzi, ibi bikurikira bigomba kwitabwaho: icya mbere, icyumba cyo guhunikwamo kigamba kuba cyumutse kandi gofutse. Icyakabiri, kugirango hirindwe ngo tungurusumu zitangira kumerera mu buhunikiro, tungurusumu zigomba guhunikwa mu gihe cyazo cyo gusinzira cyangwa zigaterwa umuti uzibuza kumera nka maleic hydrazide. Igipimo cy’ ubushyuhe n’ ubuhehere mu buhunikiro ni ibi bikurikira:

Ku kigero cy’ ubushyuhe cyo hejuru cy’ ubushyuhf (26 –30°C) tungurusumu ishobora guhunikwa mu gihe cy’ ukwezi

Ubushyuhe buringaniye (4.4 –18°C) bwihutisha kumera vuba, ubuhehere bwo hejuru bugatera kubora

Kuri 0°C n’ ubuhehere bwa 65%, tungurusumu zibikikaibyumweru 28-36

4.4.1 Ingingo zo kwitabwaho igihe wubaka ubuhunikiro bwa tungurusumu

Bugomba kubakwa ku buryo bhorana ubushyuhe n’ ubuhehere bukenewe.

Hari uburyo bubiri bwo kubakamo ubuhunikiro ; ubuhunikiro bugizwe n’ igice kimwe n’ ubuhunikiro bugizwe n’ ibice bibiri. Uko ubuhunikiro bwubatswe bigena icyerekezo cyo kubwerekezamo kuko ibi ari ingenzi. Inyubako y’ igice kimwe igomba kubakwa mu cyerekezo gitandukanye n’ icy’ umuyaga naho ubuhunikiro bw’ ibice bibiri bugomba kubakwa mu kerekezo kimwe n’ icy’ umuyaga. Ku bw’ iyo mpamvu, ubuhunikiro bugizwe n’ igice kimwe bugomba kubakwa mu cyerekezo cy’ amajyaruguru-amajyepfo, mu gihe ubuhunikiro bw’ ibice bibiri mu cyerekezo cy’ uburasirazuba- uburengerazuba.

Umubyimba w’ inkingi imwe ntibugomba kurenza m 1.2. uburebure bwo ku mpande ntibugomba kurenga m 1. 5 naho hagati ntiburenge m 2.4. uburebure bw’ ubuhunikiro bw’ ibice bibiri ntibugomba kurenza m 12.1 – 18.28 mu gihe mubw’ igice kimwe, bushobora kungana n’ ubukenewe. Hagomba lkubamo inzira ya m 1.2 hagati y’ ibice byombi.

Ku ndiba hagomba kuba igikoresho gitanga umwuka gishushe na I kingana na m 2.1 (Bottom ventilation of should be provided for proper aeration).

Hasi no ku nkuta hagomba kubakishwa ibiti cyangwa imigano .

Isakaro rigomba kubakishwa asbestos cyangwa amategura cyangwa ibyatsi. Amabati y’ asanzwe ntabwo ari meza gusakaza ubuhunikiro. Niba hasakajwe amabati arimoasbestos cyangwa amabati asanzwe, agomba gutwikizwa ibyatsi igihe hashyushye.

Ubuhunikiro bugomba kubakwa ahantu hegutse.

5.0 Ibyangiza tungurusumu mu buhunikiro n’ uburyo bwo kubyirinda

Gutakaza cyangwa kunywa amazi – gupfunyika no kugenzura ubuhehere

Kubora no kwangirika bitewe na za mikorobe, cyane uruhumbu – kwanika uko bikwiye no gufunga inkondo .

kumera – guhunika mu gih cyo gusinzira cyangwa/na guteramo ibizibuza kumara (maleic hydrazide).

Gukomereka– gusarurana ubwitonzi, kwaniak, kumisha, gupfunyika no gupanga mu buhunikiro.

6.0Indwara n’ ibyonnyi by’ ubuhunikiro

Indwara z’ingenzi za tungurusumu mu buhunikiro zirimo izi zikurikira:

1. Uruhumbu rw’ ubururu

iyi ndwara iterwa na Penicillium corymbiferum. Akajumba kafashwe karoroha, kakanamba, kakaba gatwikiriwe n’ umurama w’ ubururu buganisha ku cyatsi kibisi. Iyi ndwara kandi ifata ibihingwa bikiri mu murima. Indwara ikwirakwizwa iva mu murima ijya mu wundi kandi ibijumba bigaragarako bitarwaye bishobora kuba bifite ako gahumyo mu bice by’ inyuma. Ni ngombwa kwirinda gukomeretsa utujumba mu gihe cyo gusarura. Kwanika uko bikwiye no gusukura umurima bigabanya ibyago byo gufatwa n’ iyi ndwara.

Ishusho 2 uruhumbu rw’ ubururu kuri tungurusumu

1. Uruhumbu rwirabura

Uru ruhumbu ruterwa n’ amoko ya  Aspergiltus atuma ku bice by’ inyuma bya tungurusumu hazaho uruhumbu rwirabura. Iyi ndwara yavurwa humishwa neza ibijumba mu gicucu.

Ishusho 3 uruhumbu rwirabura kuri tungurusumu

1. Udutangangurirwa

Rimwe na rimwe udutagangurirwa, Aceria tulipae, icyonnyi ubusanzwe kinyunyuza amatembabuzi mu bibabi twangiza tungurusumu mu buhunikiro. Ubundi bwoko bubiri bw’ udutangagurirwa Rhizoglyphu.s sp. na Glycohaqus sp. Natwo twangiza tungurusumu mu buhunikiro. Guteramo imyotsi ya methyl bromide nyuma yo gusarura na mbare yo guhunika bishobora kurwanya udutagangurirwa.  Guteramo imyotsi bikoreshwa garama  35 za methyl bromide kuri meterokibe y’ ubuhunikiro kandi ubuhunikiro bugafungwa bakarumya mu gihe cy’ amasaha 2 .

Ishusho 4 tungurusumu yatewe n’ udutagangurirwa

7.0Gusuzuma amahugurwa

Iri suzuma rishobora gukorwa nk’ isuzuma ryandise ryihuse mu gihe cy’ amahugurwa y’ abakozi. Naho ku bahinzi, isuzuma ryakorwa mu buryo bw’ ibiganiro biyobowe, muri rusange, uhugura abaza ibibazo bituma abona ibisubizo. Isuzuma rigamije kumenya ikigero i cy’ ubumenyi abahuguwe bungutse:

1. Sobanura ikigero tungurusumu iba yasarurwa.
2. Sobanura uburyo bukwiye bwo gusarura tungurusumu.
3. Sobanura kwanika no kumisha tungurusumu, uvuge n’ impamvu y’ iki gikorwa.
4. Sobanura gutoranya, gukata no gushyira mu byiciro tungurusumu.
5. Vuga ibyangiza tungurusumu mu buhunikiro n’ uburyo bwo kurwanya buri kimwe
6. Sobanura ibisabwa ipakira n’ ububiko bwa tungurusumu zo kujya ku isoko no mu buhunikiro.