INYIGISHO KU KONGERA AGACIRO N’ UMUTEKANO W’ IBIRIBWA KU BISHYIMBO BY’ IMITEJA

Intangiriro

3.1 Amakuru shingiro

French Beans are the immature green pods of Phaseolus vulgaris and are also referred to as Green Beans or Snap Beans. French beans belong to the Fabaceae family in which other members include: the common bean, pulses and peas. They are specifically bred and cultivated for their pods versus their seeds. They are mainly produced for export and the main markets are the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Holland and Belgium. The beans are grown by both large scale and smallholder farmers in Rwanda. Staggered planting in small lots is recommended as it is labour intensive. The beans are grown for both fresh consumption as well as processing, mainly canning and freezing. Young French bean pods may be prepared whole then eaten raw, or lightly steamed or sautéed. French beans are also used in salads or prepared with other vegetables, herbs as well as some nuts and dried berries. The French beans have a nutrient content of Vitamin A and C both of which are key in maintaining a good health and nutrition status and preventing deficiencies.

Imiteja ni imisogwe mibisi itarera y’ ibishyimbo (Phaselous vulgaris) kandi ikunze no kwitwa ibishimbo by’ icyatsi kibisi cyangwa ibishyimbo byihuta. Ibishyimbo bibarizwa mu muryango wa fabaceae urimo ibindi bihingwa: ibishyimbo bisanzwe, ibinyamisogwe n’ amashaza. Ibangurirwa byihariye kandi ihingirwa imisogwe yayo aho kuba imbuto zayo. Ikunze guhingirwa koherezwa hanze kandi amasoko y’ ingenzi ni Ubwongereza, Ubufaransa, Ubudage, Ubuholandi n’ ububiligi. Imiteja ihingwa n’abahinzi baba abafite ubutaka bunini n’ abafite ubuto mu Rwanda. Kuyihinga mu butaka buto buto nibyo byiza kuko bibyaza umusaruro abakozi. Imiteja ihingirwa kuribwa igitoshye kimwe no gutunganywa, kunyuzwa mu mazi ashyushye igihe gito cyangwa gukarangwa. Imiteja kandi inakoreshwa muri za salade cyangwa iteguranywe n’ izindi mboga, ibyatsi kimwe n’ utunyobwa tumwe na tumwe n’ imbuto zumishijwe. Imiteja igira intungamubiri za Vitamini A na C zose zigira akamaro mu kubungabunga ubuzima bwiza n’ urwego rw’ imirire no kwirinda imirire mibi.

Amoko y’ imiteja ahingwa mu Rwanda arimo: Samantha, Argus na Ferali. Imiteja isarurwa mu gihe gito kitageze ku mezi abiri. Itanga umusaruro mwinshi uba ahanini ugambiriye koherezwa hanze maze igatanga isoko ikomeye y’ akamaro mu by’ubukungu mu ruhererekane ngenagaciro rw’ imiteja. Muri Africa, gusarura imiteja bikorwa ahanini hakoreshejwe intoki. Ibi bitanga umusaruro mwinshi n’ ubuziranenge biruta ibitangwa no gusarura hakoreshwa imashini binasaba imashini zihenze. Imiteja isarurwa iyo igize uburebure buri hagati ya santimetero 12 kugera kuri 16 ari nabwo imiterere yayo n’ uburyohe biba byuzuye. Imiteja iba ifite ishusho y’ agahombo ariko inanutse kandi amashaza arimo imbere aba yigaragaza inyuma.  

 

3.2 Ukwita ku miteja nyuma yo kuyisarura

1. Kurobanura:  bikorwa hakurwamo imisogwe itifuzwa (iteze, iyarengeranye, iyavunitse n’ irwaye). Imiteja igomba kuba yuzuye, itavunitse, yuzuye, itoshye, isukuye kandi idahehereye bikabije. Iyo miteja ifite ubusembwa bugaragara inyuma n’ inenge ikurwamo (Ishusho 3.1). Igomba kuba ifite ingano yagaragajwe ngo yuzuze ibisabwa ku isoko (El-Mogy & Kitinoja, 2019).

Ishusho 3.1: Kurobanura imiteja

2. Gushyira mu byiciro: Habaho ibiciro bitatu by’ imiteja aribyo; inanutse cyane, inanutse n’ ibyimbye. Imiteja yo mu cyiciro cy’ inanutse cyane iba igororotse, yorohereye kandi itagira imbuto nta n’ utugozi kandi ikagira umubyimba w’ imisogwe uri munsi ya mm6 n’ uburebure bwa cm10. Mu cyiciro cy’ inanutse, imiteja iba ari migufi ifite utugozi tworohereye n’ imbuto ntoya, umubyimba uri hagati ya mm6-9 n’ uburebure bwa cm 12-14. Icyiciro cy’ ibyimbye kibamo imiteja ifite ingano iruta iy’ iyo mu cyiciro cy’ inoze kandi iba yoroshye mu rugero ikanagira imbuto zifite umubyimba uruta mm9.

3. Kubanza gukonjesha: Imiteja ihunikwa mu bushyuhe buri hagati ya ℃7 n’ 8 mu buhehere buringaniye bwa 95-100% mu gihe cy’ ibyumweru 1-2 hirindwa ko yakwangirika.

4. Gupakira: Packing of French beans affects their pod quality. The selection of a suitable packaging material reduces weight loss and decay. French beans can be packaged in various types of containers, depending on the market and consumer demands. The preferred containers are fibreboard boxes and perforated polyethylene bags (El-Mogy & Kitinoja, 2019).

Gupakira imiteja bigira ingaruka ku buziranenge bw’ imisogwe yayo. Guhitamo igipakirwamo kiboneye bigabanya ugutakaza uburemere no kubora. Imiteja ishobora gupakirwa mu bikoresho bitandukanye, bijyanye n’ ibyifuzwa ku isoko n’ ibisabwa n’ abaguzi. Ibikoresho biruta ibindi ni udukarito dukozwe mu migozi n’ uduhago twa poliyetilene  dutobaguye (El-Mogy & Kitinoja, 2019).

Ishusho 3.2: Imiteja ipakiwe

5.  Guhunika ahakonjeshejwe: Ubushyuhe buhunikwaho imiteja nyuma yo gusarurwa ndetse no mu gihe cyo kuyitaho bugira ingaruka zikomeye ku buziranenge bw’ imisogwe y’ imiteja cyane cyane ubuziranenge bugaragarira amaso nk’ uko imiteja igaragara, ibara, ugutoha n’ intungamubiri ziri mu umusogwe. Imiteja yakabaye ihunikwa kuri °C 5-7 n’ ubuhehere buringaniye bwa 95-100% (Cantwell and Suslow, 2010). Ibi byongera igihe imiteja imara itarabora kikagera ku minsi 12 ikigaragara ku buryo yemerwa (El-Mogy & Kitinoja, 2019).

3.3 Ibikorwa  ku miteja mbere yo kuyitunganya

1. Gusukura imiteja

Ibi bikorwa hakurikizwa intambwe eshatu:

• Robanura imiteja ngo ukuremo iyangiritse, iyaguye uruhumbu n’ irwaye kimwe n’ ibindi byose bitari imiteja.
• Imisogwe y’ imiteja yinikwa mu mazi asa neza ngo imyanda iri ku buso bwayo iveho.
• Imisogwe ihita ishyirwa muri kolanda ikozwa neza mu mazi atemba. Koresha intoki woza imiteja kugirango ube wizeye ko imiteja yogejwe ku kigero kingana.

2. Gukata (Gukuraho igice kitaribwa)

Nyuma yo gusukurwa, imiteja ikatwa ku ruti n’ impera z’ umurizo. Niba imiteja ifite ubuso bwuzuyemo utugozi, dukurwaho.

4. Ibigenga ukubungabunga n’ iyongeragaciro ry’ imiteja

4.1 Kubungabunga ukonjesha

 Ibi bikorwa muri izi ntambwe zikurikira:

1. Koza imiteja no gukuraho impera -  Oza imiteja neza mu mazi akonje cyangwa atemba, ukureho uruti n’ impera z’ imirizo z’ imiteja. Niba ubwo bwoko bw’ imiteja bugira utugozi dukomeye ku musogwe, dukureho.
2. Kugabanya ingano (bishobora gukorwa cyangwa ntibikorwe) - Kata imiteja mo uduce dutoya dufite ingano yifuzwa ikunze kuba ari cm 2.24-4.48. N’ ubwo ibi bishobora gukorwa cyangwa ntibikorwe, bishingira ku cyo imiteja izakoreshwa.

1. Kweza imiteja - Ni ukuyishyira mu bushyuhe mu gihe gito bikunze gukorwa ku rusobe rw’ utugirangingo mbere yo gushyirwa mu bikombe mu rwego rwo kudukomeza hongerwa pectate ya kalisiyumu ku rukuta rurinda utunyangingo. Ukoresheje inkono nini y’ amazi, biza amazi maze wibizemo imisogwe cyangwa ukoreshe blancher (blansha) mu minota 2-4. Ongera umunyu muri ya mazi ari kubira kugirango imiteja ize gukomera. Shyira iyo miteja yashyuhijwe gato mu rubura kugirango uyirinde gushya no korohera/kureguka kandi igumane ibara ry’ icyatsi kibisi.
2. Gukonjesha imisogwe - Tondeka imiteja umurongo umwe ku rupapuro rwotserezwaho imigati maze uyikonjeshe kugeza ikomeye. Ibi bituma imisogwe idafatana mu gihe cyo kuyibika ikonjeshejwe (gukonjesha bwa mbere). Pakira mu duhago, amacupa cyangwa ibibikwamo byo gukonjesha, utsindagire kugirango ibe yegeranye mu kwirinda ko haba harimo umwuka, funga neza maze ukonjeshe (Schenck, 2007).

Ishusho 4.2: kweza imiteja

 

Ishusho 4.1: Koza imiteja

      

Ishusho 4.3 kubanza gukonjesha imiteja

Ishusho 4.4: imiteja ipakiwe kugirango ikonjeshwe

          

Ishusho 4.5: Imiteja yakonjeshejwe

 

 

4.2 Kubungabunga ufunga mu bikombe

Gushyira imiteja mu bikombe/imikeba no kuyibungabunga nk’ ibiribwa bigira aside nkeya (pH irenga 4.5) birimo gushyira mu bikombe/imikeba hakoreshejwe imbaraga kugirango uvanemo utunyabuzima duto tutagaragarira ijisho dutera kurogwa kw’ ibiribwa iyo turiwe mu biribwa. Gushyira mu mikeba hakoreshejwe imbaraga kuri ⁰C 240 byica amagi y’ utwo tunyabuzima ariyo akunze kutagirwaho ingaruka n’ ubushyuhe kandi intego ya mbere ni amagi yitwa Clostridium botulinum. Iyo Oxygene ari nkeya, Clostridium botulinum ivubura uburozi bubi cyane bwangiza urungano rw’ ubwonko bwitwa uburozi bwa botulinum. Ubu burozi bushobora gutera pararize yiyongera kubera ko bwangiza urungano rw’ ubwonko kandi iyo bititaweho hakiri kare bishobora kuvamo urupfu.

4.2.1 Intambwe z’ ibanze mu gushyira mu mikeba

Gutunganya ibiribwa bitagira umwanda mu rwego rw’ ubucuruzi mu kibikwamo bikurikiza izi ntambwe, zagaragajwe hakoreshejwe ugushyira mu mikeba ku rwego rwagutse:

1. Ibikorwa byo kwitegura
2. Kuzuza ibibikwamo, kuvanamo umwuka no kubifunga
3. Kwihutira kubitunganya cyangwa kubiteka hagamijwe kugera ku kuba nta mikorobi zirimo
4. Gukonjesha

1. Ibikorwa byo kwitegura

Ibi birimo: kurobanura, koza (bitose cyangwa byumutse), kugabanya ingano no kuyishyira mu byiciro. Intambwe itegura y’ ingenzi kurusha izindi mu gushyira mu mikeba ni ugushyushya gato- bikorwa kuri nyinshi mu mboga n’ imbuto nkeya gusa. Gushyushya gato bigamije kubuza imisemburo gukora by’ igihe gito hagati yo gukata no kuzuza mu bibikwamo, no gukomeza ireme (byamaze gusobanurwa). Mu bikorwa bito, imyinshi muri iyi mirimo ikoreshwa intoki, mu bikorwa binini igakoreshwa imashini.

1. Kuzuza ibibikwamo, gukuramo umwuka no gufunga

Imiteja ishyirwa mu bibikwamo birimo umunyu uvanze n’amazi (hashobora no kuba harimo na glucose- yo kuryoshya). Mu mboga zimwe na zimwe umunyu muke wa kalisiyumu ushobora kongerwamo.  Urwo ruvange rw’ umunyu n’ amazi rubanza gukurwamo mbere yo kurya imiteja. Gukura umwuka mu bihunikwamo bishobora gukorwa huzuzwamo inzoga ishushye kugirango isimbure umwuka (umwuka wivanga n’ ibisukika buhoro cyane ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru) cyangwa hakoreshwa imbaraga hifashishijwe ipompe ikuramo umwuka. Gufunga ibibikwamo bishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe imashini cyangwa amaboko. 

1. Guteka no kwihutira kuyitaho mu guharanira ukuzira umwanda mu rwego rw’ ubucuruzi.

Guteka/kwihutira kuyitaho bikorwa ngo hagerwe ku kuzira umwanda mu rwego rw’ ubucuruzi. Ubushyuhe buri hejuru y’ ubushyuhe busanzwe amazi abiriraho burakoreshwa (cyane cyane ⁰C 121/ ⁰F 250). Ubu bushyuhe bugerwaho hakoreshwa retort ku mbaraga za atmospheric pressure (imbaraga z’ ikirere) 2 mu mutwe w’ ibibikwamo (reba igitekesha imbaraga cyawe/pressure cooker). Aho ibibikwamo bishyuhirizwa ni mu mazi cyangwa umwuka ushyushye, ariko ibiribwa bishyuhirizwa muri rwa ruvange rw’ umunyu n’ amazi.

1. Gukonjesha

Ugukonjesha bikorwa buri gihe hakoreshejwe amazi akonje. Ugushyiramo amazi bigomba gukorwa mu buryo buringaniye mu kwirinda kwangiza ikibikwamo kubera imbaraga nyinshi zituruka hanze muri ayo mazi akonje.

ishusho 4.6: Imiteja ifunze mu bikombe

4.3  Kubungabunga hagabanywamo amazi (kumisha)

Kubungabunga humishwa bikorwa hakorwa izi ntambwe zikurikira:

1.  Koza – oza umutwe n’ umurizo n’ akagozi k’ umuteja.
2. Kugabanya ingano – ibishyimbo bito bishobora kumishwa uko byakabaye ariko ibikuze byo bikenera gukatwa mo uduce.
3. Kwezwa - imiteja ishyushya gato mu mazi ari kubira mu minota 3 maze amazi yose akavanwamo. Kugarura ibara byagerwaho hongerwa ½ cyangwa (g14) bya bicarbonate ya Soda kuri buri garo (litiro 4.5) y’ amazi yo gushyushya ariko ibi byangiza igice cy’ ingano ya vitamin C yari iri mu muteja.
4. Kumisha – nyanyagiza ibishyimbo ku ma treyi maze ubyumishe ku bushyuhe guhera kuri ^oC50/^oF120 maze wongere ubushyuhe buhoro buhoro kugeza ugeze kuri ^oC70/^oF150. Kwanika ku zuba nabyo byakwifashishwa. Bijyanye n’ ingano y’ ibishyimbo, kumisha bitwara amasaha 2-3. Ubuhehere bugomba kugera kuri 14% (Doymaz, 2005).
5. Gupakira - pakira mu macupa afunze neza cyangwa ibipakirwamo bitanyuramo umwuka maze ubike ahantu hijimwe kandi humutse.

Mbere yo kuribwa, imiteja yinikwa mu mazi akonje mu gihe kijya kungana n’ amasaha 12 cyangwa kugeza yoroshye.

   

Ishusho 4.7: Imiteja yumye

4.4 Preservation by pickling process kubungabunga hakoreshejwe kwinika

Ubu ni uburyo bwo kubungabunga no kongera agaciro aho ibiribwa byinikwa muri aside ifite ubukana bwinshi (hongewemo vinegere n’ umunyu). Bituma ubasha gushyirira imboga mu mikeba mu mazi mu gihe ubundi byari kugusaba kuzishyiramo ukoresheje imbaraga. Ugushyirira imboga mu mikeba  mu mazi bisaba ubukana bwa acide buri munsi ya 4.6 (Behera, Farag, & Sheikha, 2020).

Uruhererekane rwo kubungabunga ukoresheje kwinika muri aside rurimo urukurikirane rw’ izi ntambwe zikurikira:

1. Vuna impera z’ imiteja, maze uvaneho utugozi uko bikenewe. Uvanemo imiteja yose yatakaje ibara, iyoroshye cyangwa ifite ubundi busembwa bwose.
2. Kora uruvange rw’ umunyu, vinegere n’ amazi mu kibindi kinini. Teka urwo ruvange rubire.

3.      Pakira imiteja ukurikije uburebure bwayo mu macupa ashyushye, usiga umwanya w’ umutwe wa cm 0.5. Suka rwa ruvange kuri ibyo bishyimbo, usiga umwanya w’ umutwe ungana na cm 0.5. Kuramo utubumbe tw’ umwuka ukoresheje agate.

4.      Shyira ayo macupa mu mazi afite ubushyuhe bwa 82°C / 180°F mbere yo kuyafunga mu rwego rwo kuyakuraho za mikorobe mu gihe cy’ iminota 25-30. Reba hasi.

       

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ishusho 4.8: Gushyirira mu mikeba mu mazi

 

5. Umusogongero ku guharanira ubuziranenge bw’ igicuruzwa          

5.1 Umutekano n’ ibipimo by’ubuziranenge bikoreshwa ku biribwa.

Umutekano w’ ibiribwa ni uguharanira ko ibiribwa bidatera ingaruka ubifata niba byafashwe kandi bigatwarwa bijyanye n’ icyo cyagenewe gukoreshwa.

Ibibazo by’ umutekano w’ ibiribwa bigaragazwa n’ abaguzi bo mu muryango w’ ubumwe bw’ uburayi bitewe n’ uguhamana kw’ ibiribwa guturuka ku tunyabuzima tutagaragarira amaso n’ imiti yica udusimba byatumye za guverinoma z’ i burayi zishyiraho amabwiriza akomeye agenga umutekano w’ ibiribwa. Abadandaza ibiribwa bibisi mu muryango w’ I Burayi, cyane cyane za supamaketi, mu gusubiza ibyo bibazo by’ abaguzi n’ ihinduka mu mabwiriza, bashyizeho amabwiriza yabo banayaha abohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bo mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y’ amajyambere. Aya mabwiriza yihariye akunze kuba agoranye kurusha ibisabwa n’ amabwiriza yemewe. Kugirango bagumane isoko ryabo mu muryango w’ ubumwe bw’ u Burayi, abohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bo mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y’ amajyambere nabo, bakurikije amabwiriza mpuzamahnga y’ umutekano w’ ibiribwa (IFSS), bashyizeho amabwiriza akakaye ku bahinzi n’ abagemura umusaruro mubisi. Ibi bisabwa birimo: i) amabwiriza agenga gukoresha imiti yica udusimba, ii) gushyiraho uburyo bwo gukurikirana igicuruzwa, na iii) amabwiriza y’ isuku

5.2 Amoko y’ ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge bigenga umutekano w’ ibiribwa

Amabwiriza agenga umutekano w’ ibiribwa ashobora kuba mu moko atandukanye:

• Ibipimo byo mu buryo bw’ imibare agena ibyifuzwa ko igicuruzwa kiba cyujuje nk’ ingano ntarengwa y’ ibihumanya cyangwa ingano ntarengwa y’ ibisigazwa (harimo n’ uburyo bwo guhitamo ibipimirwaho n’ ubusesenguzi buzakoreshwa mu gupima ibiranga igicuruzwa byagaragajwe)
• Ibipimo by’ imikorere bigaragaza uko ibiribwa bigomba gukorwa harimo n’ intego zishobora gusuzumwa zishobora kuba mu buryo bw’ imibare.  
• Ibipimo by’ imicungire agaragaza ibisabwa ubuyobozi nk’ inyandiko zisabwa.

5.      Ibipimo mpuzamahanga by’umutekano w’ ibiribwa

Hamwe n’ ishyirwaho ndetse n’ ikomezwa ry’ ibipimo mpuzamahanga by’ umutekano w’ ibiribwa, abohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bakomeye bo mu bihugu biri mu nzira y’ amajyambere bagemura ibicuruzwa muri za supamaketi zo mu bihugu byateye imbere n’/cyangwa ubumwe bw’ u Burayi zisaba kuzuza ibipimo mpuzamahanga by’ umutekano w’ ibiribwa bahisemo amasezerano agenzuwe kurushaho ugereranyije n’ ayabanje yabaga agenzuwe gahoro. Aya masezerano mashya asaba ko abahinzi buzuza ibisabwa n’ amabwiriza mpuzamahanga y’ umutekano w’ ibiribwa.

Imiteja yujuje amabwiriza mpuzamahanga y’ umutekano w’ ibiribwa igomba kuba yujuje ibisabwa mu mitunganyirize no kwita ku musaruro ariyo: i) abatera imiti bambare imyambaro ibarinda, ii) imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu buryo buha umutekano abavanga imiti n’ abayitera, iii) abatera imiti barakaraba bakimara gutera imiti cyangwa igihe imiti yica udukoko ikoze ku ruhu mu buryo bw’ impanuka, iv) imiti yica udukoko ibikwa kure y’ ibiribwa mu bubiko bw’ imiti yica udukoko butekane rwose kandi bugeramo umwuka uhagije, v) kujugunya ibibikwamo imiti yica udukoko n’ imiti yicaudukoko yasigaye bikorwa mu buryo budashyira mu byago ubuzima bw’ abantu cyangwa inyamaswa kandi vi) abahinzi barekera aho gukoresha imiti yica udukoko itemewe kandi bagatuma ibisigazwa by’ imiti yica udukoko yemewe ku miteja yasaruwe biguma munsi y’ urugero ntarengwa (MRL). Byongeye kandi, imiteja igomba kuzuza ibisabwa mu kwita ku musaruro. By’ umwihariko, gushyira mu byiciro bigomba gukorwa mu buryo bugabanya uguhumanywa na za mikorobe cyangwa ibindi byose bitari imiteja (urugero; umwanda n’ umusatsi w’ umuntu) kandi bukarinda imiteja ubushyuhe bw’ ahantu hashyuha. Ku musozo, buri muhinzi asabwa kugaragaza mu nyandiko imikoreshereze y’ imiti yica udukoko kuri buri murima w’ ibishyimbo. Inyandiko zigaragaza imikoreshereze y’ imiti yica udukoko iherekeza buri cyiciro cy’ imiteja gicurujwe.

Mu rwego rwo kuzuza ibisabwa mu masezerano mpuzamahanga y’ umutekano w’ ibiribwa, umuhinzi akeneye guhindura imwe mu mikorere no gukora ishoramari rigaragara ririmo ibi bikurikira: i) kugura imyambaro irinda, irimo ibisarubeti bifite amakora maremare, bote, uturindantoki, udupfukamazuru, amataratara n’ ingofero; ii) kubaka ubwogero bukoreshwa n’ abatera imiti, ahabikwa imiti yica udukoko hatekanye kandi hagera umwuka uhagije, icyobo kijugunywamo imiti yica udukoko n’ ahatwikirwa; iv) gushyiraho uburyo bukomatanyije bwo kugenzura ibibazo by’ ibyonnyi n’ indwara, kandi imiti yica udukoko igakoreshwa ari uko ikenewe bidasubirwaho (ni ukuvuga, iyo byemejwe na agoronomu w’ uwohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga cyangwa umufasha we mu bya tekiniki); v) ubaka aho gushyirira imiteja mu byiciro (hasi hasizwe sima, ameza yozwa, n’ uburyo bwo gukaraba intoki) n’ umusarane w’ icyobo ufatanye n’ aho imiteja ishyirirwa mu byiciro; vi) ubaka ahabikwa imiteja itegereje kujyanwa n’ uyohereza mu mahanga  hakoresha  amakara mu gukonjesha; vii) gira isuku ku mubiri igihe cyose ushyira imiteja mu byiciro. Ingamba z’ isuku zirimo ikoresha ry’ ibitambaro byo mu mutwe ku bagore n’ ingofero ku bagabo, kubuza abana kugera aho imiteja ishyirirwa mu byiciro, no kubuza kwitera imibavu aho imiteja irobanurirwa cyangwa aho ishyirirwa mu byiciro.

Ibindi bipimo mpuzamahanga bigomba kubahirizwa mu ruhererekane ngenagaciro arimo:

• Umuryango mpuzamahanga w’ ubucuruzi (WTO) – WTO utanga amabwiriza agenga ubucuruzi bwo ku nzego zingana, kandi ni urubuga rwo gukemura impaka no kuganira ku mategeko mashya. Kuko amabwiriza ari ngombwa kugirango ubucuruzi bugende neza, umuryango mpuzamahanga w’ ubucuruzi zishishikariza za guverinoma guhuza ibyo zisaba zishingiye ku bipimo mpuzamahanga (CODEX Alimentarius, 1997; FAO, 2017).
• HACCP- (gusuzuma ibyago n’ igihe cy’ ingenzi cyo kubirwanya). Ubusanzwe, HACCP ni uruhererekane rugizwe n’ ikipe igaragaza ibihe by’ ingenzi byo kurwanya ibyago mu ruhererekane rwose (Vieira, 2006) intego ari ukugabanya ibyago mu biribwa.
• Imitunganyirize myiza (GMP)- ni uburyo bwo gutuma igicuruzwa gihora gikorwa kandi kigenzurwa bijyanye n’ ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge. Bwashyiriweho kugabanya ibyago byaterwa n’ ikorwa iryo ariryo ryose ry’ imiti bidashobora kuvanwaho binyuze mu gusuzuma igicuruzwa cyarangije gukorwa.
• Imyitwarire y’ isuku myiza (GHP) – ivuga imyitwarire y’ ibanze ku batunganya ibiribwa, nk’ amahoteli n’ amaresitora, kugirango ibiribwa bibe bitekanya kandi bibonereye gufatwa n’ abantu. Ni umusingi w’ ingenzi mu gushyira mu bikorwa indi myanzuro irebana n’ umutekano w’ ibiribwa nka GMP, HACCP na ISO 22000
• Ibipimo bya ISO - ni ibipimo mpuzamahanga byashyizweho n’ umuryango mpuzamahanga w’ ubuziranenge bigaragaza ibisabwa mu gukora igicuruzwa, kugenzura uruhererekane, gutanga serivisi cyangwa kugemura ibikoresho n’ ibikorwa binyuranye cyane.

5.4 Iby’ ibanze biranga igipimo

• Kidateje urujijo, kibasha gusuzumwa, gisobanutse (gifututse, cyoroshye, kidaca ku ruhande
• kirinda ubuzima ku rwego rwo hejuru
• Gisobanuye mu buryo bwumvikana mu kongera uguhama n’ umutekano mu by’ amategeko
• Kigomba kuba gishingiye ku buziranenge buhanitse, kinyuze mu mucyo, n’ inama za gihanga zikurikije isuzuma ry’ ibyago, guhangana n’ ibyago no kumenyekanisha ibyago
• Kirimo ugutanga uburenganzira bw’umuguzi bwo kugira amakuru yizewe kandi ahagije
• Kwemerera gukurikirana ibiribwa no kongera kubigaruro igihe havutse ikibazo
• Kirimo inshingano zo gutuma ibiribwa byizewe kandi bigaragajwe neza aribyo byonyine bishyirwa ku isoko.
• Kigomba kandi kwemera inshingano mpuzamahanga z’ igihugu mu bijyanye n’ ubucuruzi

5.5 Akamaro k’ ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge

• Kugumisha ibiribwa bishobora gutera ibyago ku bushyuhe bwa nyabwo- mu guhagarika ikura rya za bagiteri zihumanya ibiribwa, ibiribwa bibikwa ku bushyuhe buri hagati ya ^oC 5 na ^oC 60
• Guteka cyangwa indi ntambwe yo gutunganya kugirango ibiribwa bibe bitekanye- ukugaragaza ubushyuhe bwihariye bituma guteka bikorwa neza.
•  Kurinda ibiribwa guhumana - uko kugaragaza bituma ibiribwa bidahumanywa
• Kujugunya ibiribwa- ibiribwa byagaruwe bishyingurwa neza
• Kugarura ibiribwa byari byoherejwe- bituma kugrura ibicuruzwa byari byoherejwe bishyirwa mu nyandiko

Isoko : (Swami, 2013)

 

 

6. Ugukurikirana igicuruzwa

Gukurikirana igicuruzwa bisobanuye ubushobozi bwo kumenya aho ikiribwa, ibiryo by’ amatungo, cyangwa inyamaswa itanga ibiribwa cyangwa ikindi kigenewe kuba ikiribwa cyangwa icyitezweho gukoreshwa n’ ibi bicuruzwa ku byiciro byose by’ itunganywa n’ ihererekanywa giherereye no kugikurikira.

Ugukurikiranwa ni ubushobozi bwo kuguma kuba nyir’ ukugaragaza ibicuruzwa by’ ibiribwa mu buryo bwemewe binyuze mu ntambwe zitandukanye mu ruhererekane rw’ ibiribwa guhera mu murima kugeza ku mudandaza (CODEX, 2002). Uko gukurikiranwa in ingenzi mu gushyiraho ibipimo by’ umutekano w’ ibiribwa. Uburyo bwo gukurikirana bufite umumaro kandi bwiza mu by’ ubukungu bugomba kugaragaza ahantu hihariye ibibazo bituruka. (Savov & Kouzmanov, 2014).

Ugukurikiranwa kw’ imbere mu kigo – gukurikiranwa hagati y’ icyiciro cyakiriwe (cyangwa icyiciro cy’ ibikoreshwa by’ ibanze) n’ icyiciro cyagurishijwe (cyangwa icyiciro cy’ igicuruzwa) ku rwego rw’ ukora ibiribwa.

Ugukurikirana mu ntambwe imwe inyuma – ubushobozi bwo kumenya uwohereje ibyiciro bakiriye niba uruhererekane rw’ ibikoreshwa rutandukanye n’ uruhererekane rw’ ubucuruzi, tuzakurikira uruhererekane rw’ ibikoreshwa maze twite ukora mu ntambwe imwe inyuma ‘ugemura’

Ugukurikirana mu ntambwe imwe imbere - ubushobozi bwo kumenya umuguzi w’ ibyiciro bagurishije niba uruhererekane rw’ ibikoreshwa rutandukanye n’ uruhererekane rw’ ubucuruzi, tuzakurikira uruhererekane rw’ ibikoreshwa maze twite ukora mu ntambwe imwe imbere ‘umuguzi’

Ugukurikiranwa uruhererekane - ugukurikiranwa uruhererekane rw’ibiribwa rwose.

6.1 Ibigize urusobe rw’ ikurikiranwa

Urusobe rw’ ikurikiranwa - uruhererekane rw’ ibikorwa bigamije ikurikiranwa, aho “kumenya”, “guhuza”, “ifatwa ry’ amakuru”, “gukusanya no kubika amakuru”, no “kugenzura” bikorwa (Food Marketing Research and Information Center (FMRIC), 2008).

6.1.1 Uburyo bwo kumenya ibigize igicuruzwa gikurikiranwa

 Mu guhitamo uko umenya ibyiciro by’ umutungo ukurikiranwa, tugomba guhitamo ubwoko n’ imiterere bya kode igaragaza. Amahitamo agimba gukorwa hakurikijwe umwihariko wa kode, kandi agahuza ugaragaza n’ icyiciro cy’ umutungo ukurikiranwa (Olsen & Borit, 2018).

6.1.2 Uburyo bwo gushyira mu nyandiko impinduka

Nyuma yo guhitamo ubwoko bw’ imenyekanisha kandi igahuzwa na TRU, ishyirwa mu nyandiko ry’ ibiba kuri TRU uko kinyura mu ruhererekane rw’ igemura rigomba gukorwa. Uruhererekane rw’ igemura ku bicuruzwa by’ ibiribwa rukunze kuba ari rurerure kandi rurimo ibintu byinshi binyuranye, kandi ibyiciro by’ imitungo ikurikiranwa ntibihora biramba; bihora bicibwamo ibice, cyangwa bigahurizwa hamwe n’ ibindi byiciro by’ ibigize igicuruzwa gikurikiranwa. Uku gucibwamo ibice n’ uguhuzwa byitwa impinduka, kandi ubushobozi bwo gushyira mu nyandiko uruhererekane rw’ impinduka ni imwe mu nshingano z’ ingenzi kurusha izindi z’ urwungano rw’ ikurikiranwa (Dillon & Derrick, 2004; Olsen & Aschan, 2010).

6.1.3 Uburyo bwo gushyira mu nyandiko ibiranga ibyiciro by’ ibicuruzwa bikurikiranwa

Iyo tumaze guhitamo ubwoko bw’ ikigaragaza dukoresha, kandi tumaze kubona uburyo bwo guhuza ikigaragaza n’ icyiciro cy’ igicuruzwa gikurikiranwa, tuba dufite ubushobozi bwo gufata amakuru ku biranga icyo cyiciro cy’ igicuruzwa gikurikiranwa, no guhuza ibi biwuranga n’ ikigaragaza icyiciro cy’ umutungo ukurikiranwa (Olsen & Borit, 2018).

 

 

7. Kubungabunga ibikoresho

Ishusho 7.1: Imashini zishyira imiteja mu mikeba ku rwego rwagutse

Ishusho 7.2:gukata/kugabanya ingano y’ imboga rwatsi ting/size reduction machineImashiniikata/ igabanya ingano y’ imboga zigira amababi

Ishusho  7.3: Imashini zitunganya imiteja

7.1 Ibungabunga ririnda

Ibungabunga ririnda ryasobanurwa muri ubu buryo: ibikorwa bikozwe ku gihe- cyangwa bishingiye ku mikorere y’ imashini bitahura, bigakuraho cyangwa bigaca intege ugutakaza agaciro kw’ ikigize cyangwa urusobe, intego ari ukubungabunga cyangwa kongera igihe cyacyo cyo kugira akamaro binyuze mu kugabanya iyangirika ku kigero cyakwihanganirwa.

Akamaro

• Bigabanya ibisohoka mu mikorere myinshi ikoresha imari nyinshi
• Ukoroha gutuma bishoboka gushyiraho ibihe by’ ibungabunga.
• Kongera igihe cy’ ibigize urusobe.
• Kuzigama ingufu
• Kugabanya ugupfa kw’ igikoresho
•  Bizigama 12% kugera kuri 18% by’ ibyari gusohoka mu ibungabunga ribayeho ari uko havutse ikibazo.

Ibibi

• Ugupfa kw’ ibyago kuba kugishobora kubaho.
• Bisaba abakozi benshi
• Bizamo ukubungabunga kudakenewe
• Ibyago by’ukwangirika kw’ ibigize urusobe mu gihe hari gukorwa ukubungabunga kudakenewe        

7.2 ibungabunga riteganya

Ibungabunga riteganya rishobora gusobanurwa mu buryo bukurikira: ibipimo bigaragaza ko hatangiye iyangirika, bityo bikemerera ibibangama gukurwaho cyangwa gucibwa intege mbere y’ uko habaho iyangirika rigaragara mu buryo ikigize urusobe kigaragaramo. Ibivamo byerekana ubushobozi bw’ imikorere buriho n’ ubwo mu guhe kiri imbere (Sullivan et al., 2002).

 

Akamaro

• Kongera igihe cyo gukora/kuba cyakwifashishwa kw’ ikigize urusobe
• Byemerera ikorwa ry’ ikosora rikumira
• Bigabanya igihe igikoresho cyangwa imirimo bimara bipfuye
• Igabanyuka mu bisohoka ku bice n’ abakozi
• Ubuziranenge bw’ ibicuruzwa buriyongera
• Umutekano w’ abakozi n’ uw’ ibidukikije uriyongera
• Morari y’ abakozi iriyongera
• Bizigama ingufu
• Bizigama 8% kugera kuri 12% mu ibingabunga riteganya

 Ibibi

• Ukwiyongera kw’ ibishorwa mu bikoresho by’ isuzuma
• Ukwiyongera kw’ ibishorwa mu guhugura abakozi
• Ubushobozi bwo kuzigama ntibuhita bubonwa n’ ubuyobozi

7.3  Ibungabunga rikosora

Ibungabunga rikosora risobanurwa nk’ ibikorwa bikorwa. Ni bimwe bibaho nyuma yo kubona no gusuzuma ikibazo. Ni ibungabunga rigenwa n’ urwungano rukurikirana ikibazo cyangwa kubera ukwangirika. Ibungabunga rikosora, nka kimwe mu bigize ibungabunga ririnda ryumvikana, ryita ku bikorwa byateguwe bigumisha ibice byose by’ imashini n’ urwungano mu mikorere myiza. Intego y’ ingenzi y’ ibungabunga rikosora ni uko ugusana gukorwa neza kandi mu buryo bwuzuye ku bibazo byose byagaragaye bijyanye n’ igikenewe. Nanone kandi ko ugusana gukorwa n’ ababihuguriwe neza kandi kukemezwa mbere y’ uko imashini isubizwa mu kazi (Otieno, 2016).

Intege nke zikomeye z’ ibungabunga rikosora ni uko habaho ukurekera aho gukora kw’ imashini kutateguwe kandi ibungabunga ntiryategurwa mbere y’ igihe. Niba igice cy’ imashini kinaniwe gukora kandi ibice byo kugisimbura bikaba bitabitse n’ ikigo cyangwa bitahita biboneka, ubukererwe bubaho hagati y’ ukugitumiza n’ ukuhagera kwacyo butera ubukererwe mu mikorere.

 

 

8. Umwanzuro

Imiteja ni imboga zerera igihe gito kandi zangirika vuba bituma zimara igihe gito zikiri nzima. Mu Rwanda, abahinzi bahura n’ ibihombo bikomeye nyuma yo gusarura niba isoko ry’ umusaruro mubisi ritari kuboneka. Birakenewe gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo kubungabunga n’ iyongeragaciro mu kongera ibyinjizwa n’ abahinzi n’ abatunganya.

 

 

9. Amashakiro 

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CODEX Alimentarius. (1997). Codex Alimentarius : food quality and safety standards for international trade. 16(2), 313–321.

Doymaz, I. (2005). Drying behaviour of green beans. 69, 161–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.08.009

El-Mogy, M. M., & Kitinoja, L. (2019). Review of best postharvest practices for fresh market green beans. (February).

FAO. (2017). Trade and food standards.

Food Marketing Research and Information Center (FMRIC). (2008). Handbook for Introduction of Food Traceability Systems.

Maurine, O. (2016). CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE PRACTICES AND OPERATIONAL. (November).

Olsen, P., & Borit, M. (2018). SC. Trends in Food Science & Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.05.004

Savov, A. V, & Kouzmanov, G. B. (2014). Food Quality and Safety Standards at a Glance. 2818(2009). https://doi.org/10.2478/V10133-009-0012-8

Schenck, R. (2007). Canning Green Beans Ecoprofile of Truitt Brothers Process.

Sullivan, G. P., & Pugh, R.Melendez, A. P.Hunt, W. D. (2002). Operations & Maintenance.

Swami, C. (2013). FACULTY OF BIOSCIENCE ENGINEERING Importance of food safety and quality standards at various levels in the tomato supply chain of South Africa. 1–78.

Vieira, L. M. (2006). The Role of Food Standards in International Trade : Assessing the Brazilian Beef Chain. (September 2005), 17–30.