AMAHUGURWA KU GUFATA NEZA UMUSARURO W’ IMITEJA

1.0      Iriburiro

Iyi nyigisho izakoreshwa mu guhugura abakozi bakorana n’ abahinzi nabo bakazahugura abahinzi (amahugurwa y’ abahugura). Ibyiciro byombi by’ amahugurwa bizakorwa mu buryo bw’ ibiganiro kandi ingero zifatika zizakoreshwa herekanwa ibyo bahugurwaho. Kugirango hashobore gushyirwa mu bikorwa ibyo duhugurwamo, amahugurwa azabera hafi y’ umurima. Igihe bidashoboka, abahugurwa bazasura umurima mu gihe isarura no gufata neza umusaruro bizaba birimo bikorwa.

Ibishyimbo by’ imiteja ni imiteja irimo imbuto zitarera. Nyuma yo kuva kuri nyina, imiteja iba ishobora kwangirika cyane bitewe n’ ingano nini y’ ubuso ku mubyimba.  Gufata neza umusaruro ugistoshye nko kubanza kubikonjesha no kubipfunyika ni ingenzi mu kugumana imiteja yuzuje ubuziranenge. Ibindi bikorwa nyuma yo gusarura imiteja yo kujya ku isoko harimo gutoranya no gushyira mu byiciro.

Imbuto n’ imboga zangirika mu bwinshi no mu bwiza hagati yo gusarurwa no kuribwa. Gutakaza ubuziranenge, nk’ ibijyanye no kuba zishobora kuribwa, kuba zujuje intungamubiri, agaciro zifite mu bitera imbaraga no kwemerwa n’ abaguzi kw’ imbuto zigifite umwimererere biruhije gusuzuma kuruta gusuzuma ingano.   Ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge, amahitamo y’ abaguzi n’ ubushobozi bwo kugura bihindagurika cyane hagati y’ ibihugu n’ imico, kandi uko gutandukanya bigira ingaruka zifatika ku gushobora gucuruzwa n’ igipimo tuvugaho ko umusaruro wangiritse. Aya mahugurwa rero agamije gufasha abahinzi baciriritse b’ imboga kunguka ubumenyi n’ ubumenyingiro mu:

1. Kumenya ibiranga ko imiteja yeze.
2. Uburyo bukwiye bwo gusarura imiteja.
3. Gutoranya no gushyira imiteja mu byiciro.
4. Uburyo bukwiye bwo gupfunyika imiteja ijya ku isoko.
5. Uburyo bukwiye bwo kubika imiteja.

2.0      Ibyitabwaho mbere yo gusarura

Ibishyimbo by’ imiteja cyangwa ibishyimbo by’ icyatsikibisi (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) ni imboga z’ imisogwe ziribwa zikiri umwimerere cyangwa nyuma yo guhindurwa ukundi. Ni uruboga rufatwa nk’ urwangirika vuba cyane kuko isarurwa itarera kandi irimo amazi menshi. Imiteja ntishobora kurenza iminsi 21 ihunitswe mu buryo bwiza bwa firigo. Uko umuteja ugaragara nibyo bigirwaho ingaruka cyane bitewe no kwangirika nyuma yo gusarurwa. Impinduka nyinshi mu ntungamubiri n’ ibigize umuteja zibaho nyuma yo gusarurwa no mu buhunikiro.

Gusarura bitangira ibyumweru 6 kugeza 8 nyuma yo gutera bitewe n’ ubwoko n’ agace yatewemo. Ni byiza gusarura mu gitondo, ariko iyo ibihingwa bidatose cyane. Gusarura bikorwa bakuraho imiteja bitonze kuri nyina, birinda kurandura igihingwa. Ibi bigomba gukorwa mu gihe cy’iminsi kidahindagurika bitewe n’ ibyo isoko risaba, urugero, kabiri mu cyumweru ku miteja igomba kuba inanutse na gatatu mu cyumweru ku miteja igomba kuba inanutse cyane, bikamara igihe kigera ku kwezi. Gusarura imiteja ikiri mitoto bituma irushaho kwera kandi ikaryoha kurushaho.

3.0 Gusarura

Gutangira gusarura imiteja iyo ireshya na 10cm (4in) z’ uburebure. Imiteja iba igeze igihe iyo ivunika byoroshye, mbere y’ uko imbuto zigaragara mu musogwe. Gusarura bitangira ibyumweru 6 kugeza 8 nyuma yo gutera bitewe n’ ubwoko n’ agace yatewemo bigakomeza kugeza ku mu gihe cy’ ukwezi kugeza kuri abiri. Imiteja icibwana ubwitonzi Atari ugushikuza ku gihingwa, kandi igomba kuba ifite uruti rwayo. Gusarura bishobora gukorwa kabiri mu cyumweru ku miteja inanutse na gatatu mu cyumweru ku miteja inanautse cyane. Ibi bikomeza gutya kugeza hafi ibyumweru bitatu. Ushobora kubona umusaruro wa toni 8 kugeza kuri 15 kuri hegitari na toni 6 kuri ari mu gihe cy’ amezi 2 n’ igice.

Gusarura n’ intoki bigomba gukoranwa ubwitonzi kugirango hirindwe kwangiza umuteja cyangwa igihingwa. Kuyitaho bya cyane no kbyitaho gake bigomba kwirindwa kugirango hagabanye gukomeka kugaragara n’ ukutagaragara. Imiteja yose yeze igomba gusarurwa, imiteja iteze igasigara kugirango izasarurwe ubutaha. Ni byiza gusarura imiteja yose yeze ku gihingwa mbere yo kujya ku kindi. Imiteja isaruwe igomba guhita ishyirwa mu gicucu mu murima kugeza igihe ijyanywe kujya gutunganywa. Imiteja ntigomba guhura n’ izuba kugirango idashyuhe bigabanya ubuziranenge.

4.0 Kwita ku miteja nyuma yo gusarura

4.1 Kubanza gukonjesha

Nyuma yo gusarurwa, imiteja igomba guhita ikonjeshwa kugirango hirindwe ubushyuhe bwo mu murima, hagabanywe guhumeka, gukura kwa za mikorobe, no kunamba. Uburyo bwiza bwo gukonjesha ni ugukoresha umwuka. Ubu buryo bwihutisha gutakaza amazi kubera umwuka ukonje unyura mu miteja,  gukonjesha bigomba gukurikiranwa kugirango amakrete ajye akurwaho uko agejeje ku gipimo cy’ ubushyuhe cya 7-8. Urugero, iyo ubushyuhe bukenewe ari 7 °C, bikaba byatangiranye ubushyuhe bwa 27 °C, ubushyuhe bya 7-8 bwo gukonjeshaho ni 10 °C. kugirango hirindwe ko gukonjesha bihenda, imiteja ishobora gusarurwa kare mu gitondo, hafi ya saa kumi kugeza saa kumi n’ imwe z’ igitondo kugirango wungukire mu bukonje bwo mu gitondo no kubugumana mu musaruro, ugahita ubishyira mu gicucu cyangwa ugahita ubigeza ku ruganda rubitunganya.

4.2 Gutoranya no gushyira mu byiciro

Ni ngombwa, nyuma yo gusarura,  gukuramo imiteja idashobora kwemerwa ( iteze, iyacitsemo, imaze gukomera, n’ irwaye). Kugirango hagabanywe ikwirakwira ry’ indwara za nyuma y’ isarura no kugirango hongerwe ikigero cy’ ubuziranenge. Ni ngombwa kubyitanaho ubwitonzi kugirango wirinde kuyangiza. Gutoranya bikorwa kugirango ukuremo iyavunitse, iyipfunditse n’ igaragaza imyenge ndetse n’ ibisigazwa by’ ibihingwa. Gushyira mu byiciro bigomba gukorwa kugirango imiteja ishyirwe mu kigero kimwe cy’ imiteja ingana. Imiteja ijyanwa ku isoko ishyirwa mu byiciro bikurikira:

Imiteja inanutse cyane: yoroshye cyane, irimo amazi menshi, nta mbuto zirimo, nta tugozi. Iyi miteja igomba kuba ifite umubyimba utarenze 6mm n’ uburebure butari munsi ya 10cm.

Imiteja inanutse: iba ifite udushyimbo duto, imigozi yoroshye, irimo amazi kandi yoroshye. Iyi miteja igomba kuba ifite umubyimba utarenze 6-9mm n’ uburebure butari munsi ya 12-14cm.

Imiteja yok u rwego rwo hasi: imiteja ishobora kujya ku isoko ariko itashyirwa mu byiciro byo hejuru. Igomba kuba yoroshye kandi imbuto ntizigomba kuba nini cyane.

4.3 Gupfunyika

Gupakira bigira ingaruka ku buziranenge bw’ imiteja. Gutakaza ibiro no kubora kw’ imisogwe bigabanywa no guhitamo uburyo bukwiye bwo gupfunyika (Trail et al., 1992). Imiteja ipakirwa mu bintu bitandukanye, bitewe n’ ibisabwa n’ isoko n’ umuguzi. Ibintu bikunze gukoreshwa ni amakarito n’ imifuka ya poliyetilene ipfumaguye. Gukoresha umufuka mwiza ya poliyetilene bizafasha kugabanya gutakaza amazi, kubika amasukari, kugabanya guhinduka kwa kororofile no gutakaza vitamini C. imifuka ya poliyetilene mu gupfunyika ibihingwa byangirika vuba ikora neza cyane igihe bitwawe cyangwa bibitswe muri za firigo.

Imiteja ishobora kandi gupakirwa mu makarito apfumaguye y’ ingano zitandukanye cyangwa mu makurete ya pulasiiki. Kubanza gukonjesha no kubika imiteja kuri 7-8^oC n’ ubuhehere bwa 95%-100% mu gihe cy’ icyumweru 1 kugeza kuri 2. Ukimara gupakira, imiteja igomba kuguma ahantu hapfutse itegereje gushyirwa mu bubiko. Kuri 4^oC, n’ ubuhehere buri hafi ya 80%, imiteja ishobora kubikwa icyumweru. Ku isoko ry’ ubudandaza, imiteja ishobora gushyirwa mu mu tuboxi twa pulasitiki dufunze kandi dupfumaguye. Imiteja ishobora gupfunyikwa muri ubu buryo nyuma yo gucibwa imirizo n’ inkondo n’ ubwo imara igihe kigufi kuruta itakaswe.

4.4 Ubwikorezi bw’ imiteja

Ubwoko bwo kwikoreramo imiteja ni ingenzi kandi bushobora kugira ingaruka ku buziranenge bw’ imiteja bitewe n’ uko irimo amazi menshi kandi ikamara igihe gito.  Ubwikorezi kuva ku murima kugeza ku nzu ipakirirwamo ni intambwe ya mbere ikorwa hakoreshejwe intoki. Ibi byakagombye gukorwa vuba bishoboka nyuma yo gusarurwa kugirango hirindwe gutakaza amazi n’ ikigero cyo guhumeka. Uburyo bw’ ubwikorezi bukonjesha, intera iri hagati y’ umurima n’ isoko, imiterere y’ umuhanda ni bimwe mu bigena ikigero cyo kwangirika igihe cy’ ubwikorezi.  

5.0 impamvu zo kwangirika kw’ imiteja nyuma yo gusarurwa

•       Gutakaza amazi bituma imiteja inamba igatakaza n’ uburemere
•       Gukura kwa za mikorobe bituma habaho kubora no kwangirika.
•       Kwangizwa n’ ubukonje iyo ibitswe muri firigo.
•       Gukomereka bitewe no kwitabaho nabi

6.0 indwara n’ ibyonnyi bya nyuma yo gusarura imiteja

I.Urhumbu rw’ ikijuju

 Uruhumbu rw’ikijuju cyangwa rw’ umweru ku miteja ni ikimenyetso cyo gufata n’ uduhumyo cyangwa za bagiteri. Milidiyu iterwa n’ umurama w’ uduhumyo tumera ku bibabi byumye igihe ubuhehere ari bwinshi. Ikunda kugaragara cyane iyo impeshyi iri kurangira cyangwa umuhindo utangiye.izi nwara za milidiyu ntizica igiingwa ariko bibitera kubangamirwa,  igatuma umusaruro uba muke.  Kugirango wirinde iyi milidiyu, irinde amapfa, gukonorera ibibabi n’ imiteja byose byafashwe no kurinda umurima kubamo ibisigazwa by’ ibihingwa. Ugomba kandi kwibuka guhinduranya imyaka mu murima buri mwaka.

II.Akaribata (Anthracnose)

iterwa na  Colletotrichum lindemuthianum kandi ishobora kwangiza mu kirere gishyuha kandi kirimo ubuhehere bwo hejuru. Ibice byo hasi by’ ibibabi bihinduka umutuku n’ ibidomo bikoze inguni bikagaragara ku gice cyo hejuru cy’ ikibabi.  Imiteja igaragaza ibidomo by’ ibiziga, by’ ikigina cyijimye bisa n’ ibyinjiyemo bifite umuzenguruko wa orange.  Buri kidomo gifite hafi 5mm z’ umurambararo.  Ibidomo biba birimo za miliyoni z’ umurama w’ ibi bihumyo. Umurama ukwirakwira iyo hari ubuhehere bwinshi. Ibyo bidomo bijya kuba umutuku/ ikigina bigaragara no ku ruti.  Utu duhumyo dukomeza kubaho n’ igihe cy’ umuhindo ku bisigazwa by’ ibihingwa byaboze hafi y’ umurima.  Mu kwirinda iyi ndwara, hagomba guterwa imbuto zemewe zaguriwe mu bigo bibizobereyemo.  Guterera ku matariki ugirwaho inama n’ inzobere no gutera umuti buri minsi 7-14 bitewe n’ ubukana bw’ indwara. Iyo ibimenyetso bya mbere by’ indwara bigargaye ntugashidikanye gutera umuti kuko ushobora kuzawutera utinze kandi umusaruro mwinshi ukabura.

7.0 Gusuzuma amahugurwa

Iri suzuma rishobora gukorwa nk’ isuzuma ryandise ryihuse mu gihe cy’ amahugurwa y’ abakozi. Naho ku bahinzi, isuzuma ryakorwa mu buryo bw’ ibiganiro biyobowe, muri rusange, uhugura abaza ibibazo bituma abona ibisubizo. Isuzuma rigamije kumenya ikigero i cy’ ubumenyi abahuguwe bungutse :.

1. Sobanura ibiranga imiteja yeze igihe cyo gusarura.
2. Sobanura uburyo bwiza bwo gusarura imiteja.
3. Sobanura gutoranya no gushyira imiteja mu byiciro.
4. Sobanura gusukura no gutera umuti wica udukoko mu miteja n’ akamaro kabyo.
5. Sobanura uburyo bwo kumisha imiteja n’ akamaro kabyo.
6. Vuga ibintu bitera kwangirika kw’ imiteja n’ uko wabyirinda
7. Ni ibiki ububiko bw’ imiteja bugomba kuba bwujuje