UBUHINZI BW’ IBISHYIMBO BY’ IMITEJA

1.      Iriburiro

Ubuhinzi bw’ imiteja.  Isoko: http://www.nafis.go.ke/vegetables/french-beans/french-beans/

 Imiteja (bumwe mu bwoko bworoshye bw’ ibishyimbo) ni umusogwe uribwa w’ igishyimbo kitarakura cyangwa igishyimbo cya Yasenti. Andi mazina yabyo ni ibishyimbo by’ icyatsi cyangwa ibishyimbo byihuta. Imiteja ni imisogwe y’ icyatsi kibisi itarakura ihingirwa kuribwa imbere mu gihugu cyangwa koherezwa mu mahanga. Kubera ko imiteja isaba imirimo myinshi, abahinzi bagirwa inama kuyihinga ku buso buto, byashoboka bagatera bikebike. Ihingirwa kuribwa igisarurwa cyangwa gutunganywa. Kuyipfunyika mu dukopo no kuyikonjesha niko gutunganya kw’ ingenzi gukorwa ku miteja. Ibi bijyana n’ uko iki kinyamisogwe gisarurwa kicyorohereye kandi kitaruma, bitandukanye n’ibishyimbo bitanorwa. Ubushake bwo guhinga imiteja yaba iyo kuribwa igitoshye cyangwa iyo gutunganywa (cyane cyane gupfunyika mu dukopo no gukonjesha) buri kwiyongera cyane. Ikunze kongerwa mu mafunguro, amafunguro yo ku ruhande, n’ amasalade mu maresitora cyane cyane i Burayi.

Iki gihingwa ni kimwe mu musaruro w’ ingenzi w’ imboga zoherezwa mu mahanga. Hariho urunyurane mu miteja yo mu Rwanda mu kuba ishobora gukura izana utugozi dukura hagati mu musogwe cyangwa se ntitugire. Amoko menshi agezweho ntagira bene utwo tugozi, bituma yoroha mu kuribwa. N’ ubwo ingano ya poroteyini mu miteja ari nto kuko iri ku kigero cya 3% muri buri funguro, ingano ya vitamini imiteja igira irenga kuziba icyuho. Ingano ya vitamini C muri buri funguro ni 5%. Iya B-6 ifasha mu bikorwa bibera imbere mu mubiri  ni 5%. Ubutare buri kuri icyo kigero cya 5% cy’ igaburo rya buri munsi, ikigero cyiza bihagije mu kurwanya ukubura amaraso. Ingano ya Manyeziyumu ikomeza amagufwa ni 6%. Vitamini A, yongerera amaso ubushobozi bwo kubona, iboneka muri uru ruboga kuri 2% by’ ifunguro ry’ umunsi. Ingano ya Kalisiyumu ni 3%, ihagije rwose mu gutuma agahu gatwikira amenyo gashashagirana mu buryo bwigaragaza.

 

 

2.     Amoko y’ imiteja

Amoko y' imiteja migufi
Ubwoko		ibiburanga
Allegiriya (Allegria)		Allegiriya ikura neza no mu butaka buremereye. Ikomeza gukura na nyuma yo kurabya kugera kuri m3 z’ uburebure kandi ubusanzwe irashingirirwa. Irakura ikagera kuri cm 60 z’ uburebure maze igakora imisogwe myinshi inanutse, igororotse, bikaba byiza kuyisarura igize uburebure bwa 10 cm kugera kuri 12. Yera itinzeho gato mu mwaka igihe indi myaka myinshi yageze ku kwera kwayo.
Anabele (Annabel)		Anabele yera imisogwe yiburungushuye ifite cm 8 kugera ku 10 z’ uburebure. Iba ibyibushye birenzeho gato imiteja yindi iringaniye. Ibihingwa biba ari bito hafi cm30 z’ uburebure kandi iberanye no kuyihinga mu bintu nk’ amavaze. Indabo ziba zera kandi imisogwe ya mbere isarurwa muri Nyakanga. Itege umusaruro w’ ibishyimbo uringaniye.
Igikomangoma (The Prince)		Imisogwe iba iryoshye, yorohereye kandi ifite amazi menshi. Imara igihe kirekire mu murima ugereranyije n’ indi myinshi kandi koko iyi ni imiteja itagira utugozi. Ubu bwoko bw’ imiteja buraboneka ahantu henshi.
Tipi (Teepee)	Imiteja iryoshye ikura ifite ibara rya move yijimye, imisogwe ikaza hejuru ku gihingwa kugirango isarurwe byoroshye. Igihingwa cyose muri rusange kiba kibereye ijisho atari ukubera imisogwe isa na move gusa, ahubwo no kubw’ indabo zifite ibara ry’ umutuku ujya gusa na move zigaragara guhera mu mpera za Nyakanga. Ibi bishyimbo ntibigira ibara rishimishije gusa, ahubwo biranaryoha.
Samanta		Samanta ni igishyimbo cyera cyane kandi kikagira imisogwe myinshi cyane. Imisogwe igira ibara ry’ icyatsi cyerurutse ikaba mumasoko menshi. Ibiyiranga n’ inyungu Imiteja myiza cyane igororotse ikagira ibara ry’ icyatsi cyerurutse. Yera vuba mu minsi 50-58 Ni ubwoko bwera cyane- toni 10 kuri hegitari. Ibite ubwirinzi bukomeye ku ndwara nka virusi ya Mozayikiy’ ibishyimbo n’ akaraga.
Ferari (Ferrari)		Ferari ni ubwoko bugira uruti rujya gukomera, bugufi, burandaranda, bukamara mu murima igihembwe kimwe, bukagira indabo z’umweru, iroza cyangwa umutuku zikurikirwa n’ imisogwe y’ icyatsi ibwase mu mpeshyi Ubu ni ubwoko bwera vuba ntibugire utugozi.
Amoko y’ imiteja arandaranda/ashingirirwa
ubwoko		Ibiburanga
Kobura (Cobra)		Ni imiteja yurira, igira ishusho y’ ikaramu y’ igiti igezweho. Ubu nibwo buryo bwo guhinga imiteja myinshi iryoha, mu murima muto.Ntigira akagozi na kamwe. Kobura izera kugera mu ntangiriro z’ umuhindo.
imiteja ya move ikabije (Purple Cascade)		Ni ubwoko bw’ imiteja irandaranda igira imisogwe y’ ibara rya move rigaragara cyane (bamwe bavuga ko “rigaragara bikabije”!) Iyo itetswe byoroheje cyangwa igahishwa n’ umwuka, igumana iri bara cyane.  Ikura neza nk’ andi moko, bityo rero niba ushaka igihingwa kihagazeho uyu mwaka, yigerageze.
Hanta (Hunter)		Imiteja ya hanta igira imisogwe ibwase kurusha imiteja iringaniye kandi ni nk’ aho nta tugozi igira, ibyo iyo ikiri mito. Imiteja ikura kugera hafi kuri 25 cm mu burebure n’ ubwo twavuga ko ari byiza kuyisarura ifite cm 8 mu rwego rwo kubona uburyohe n’ imiterere byiza.

 

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3.     Ibyo imiteja isaba mu kuyihinga  

Ubutaka : Ibishyimbo bishobora gukura mu moko atandukanye y’ ubutaka kuva ku butaka bw’ umucanga, ubw’ inombe kugera ku bw’ ibumba bufite imborera ihagije n’ ubusharire bwiza. Ibishyimbo bibibirwako mu murima bigafata iminsi 60 ngo bikure ahashyuha. Ubusharire bw’ ubutaka bwiza ni 6.5 kugera kuri 7.5, ariko ibi bishyimbo bishobora kwihanganira ubutaka bushaririye cyane kugera ku kigero cya 4.5. Iyo ubusharire bw’ ubutaka buri ku kigero kiri munsi ya 4.5, ugukura kw’ igihingwa kurahungabana kuko bagiteri za Rizobiyumu ziba mu duhago tuba mu mizi y’ ibishyimbo zidakura neza.

Imvura: Ubuhinzi bwuhirwa n’ imvura bushoboka mu duce tugira imvura ikwiriye mu mwaka, ku kigero kiringaniye kugera ku kigero cyo hejuru cya mm900-1200 ku mwaka. Ariko rero, kugirango uhorane umusaruro cyane cyane mu gihe kitari icy’ imvura, ni ngombwa kuhira. Hakenerwa amazi kugera ku kigero cya mm50.

Ubushyuhe: Ikigero cyiza cy’ ubushyuhe kugirango imyaka ibashe kwera ni 20-25°C. Ariko rero, ibi bishyimbo bibasha kubaho mu bushyuhe kuva kuri 14-32 °C bitewe n’ ubwoko. Ingemwe ntizizihanganira ubushyuhe buri munsi ya °C 10. Ariko rero bikura neza ku butaka buseseka, ubutaka buseseka kugera ku butaka bw’ ibumba ryinshi buciyemo inzira z’ amazi ku buryo buhagije kandi bufite imborera nyinshi.

Ubutumburuke:  Imiteja ikura neza mu butaka buringaniye cyangwa ubutaka bw’ udusozi bufite ubutumburuke kuva kuri 1500-2100 m.

4.    Ibisabwa mu gutubura no kwemeza imbuto

Imiteja ibibirwako mu murima itanyuze mu buhumbikiro. Ubutaka bugomba guhingwa bihagije mbere gato yo gutera. Hamwe no kuhira, imiteja ishobora guhingwa umwaka wose ariko igihe cy’ ingenzi mu kohereza mu mahanga ni ukuva mu Ukwakira kugeza muri Gicurasi. Intera igomba kuba imirongo umwe umwe ya cm30x15 (urubuto rumwe muri buri mwobo) cyangwa imirongo ibiri ya cm 60 x 30. Intera igengwa n’ ubwoko, uburumbuke bw’ ubutaka, ukuboneka kw’ amazi ndetse n’ uko ikirere cyifashe. Abahinzi bagirwa inama yo gutera mu mitabo ifite hafi imirongo ine itandukanijwe n’ inzira ya 50 cm. Ubusharire bwiza bw’ ubutaka ni 6.5 kugera kuri 7.5, ariko ibishyimbo bishobora kwihanganira ubusharire bwinshi kugera ku kigero cya 4.5. Iyo ubusharire bw’ ubutaka buri ku kigero kiri munsi ya 4.5, ugukura kw’ igihingwa kurahungabana kuko bagiteri za Rizobiyumu ziba mu duhago tuba mu mizi y’ ibishyimbo zidakura neza.  Ni byiza gukora isuzuma ry’ ubutaka mbere yo gutera. Amoko atandukanye ahingirwa koherezwa hanze agenwa n’ amahitamo aba ari kuri iryo soko.

5.     Imicungire ikomatanyije y’ uburumbuke bw’ ubutaka

Ahagwa imvura nkeya, ni byiza kuhira. Umuhinzi agirwa inama yo gusuzuma ubutaka mbere yo gutera. Imiteja ibaho mu bushyuhe bwa ⁰C 20 kugera kuri 25.  Ifumbire y’ imborera ni ngombwa cyane mu kongera uburumbuke bw’ ubutaka. Imiteja ihingwa biturutse ku mbuto. Intera igomba kuba imirongo umwe umwe ya cm30 x15 (urubuto rumwe muri buri mwobo) cyangwa imirongo ibiri ya cm60x30 nk’ uko urubuga cropnuts.com rubitangaza Ikura neza ku butaka buseseka, ubutaka buseseka kugera ku butaka bw’ ibumba ryinshi buciyemo inzira z’ amazi ku buryo buhagije kandi bufite imborera nyinshi bukagira n’ ubusharire buri ku kigero cya 6.5 kugera kuri 7.5. Imiteja ifata igihe cy’ ukwezi kugera ku mezi abiri kugira ngo ikure neza. Umuhinzi agomba kubungabunga ubuhinzi bwe akora imirimo nko kubagara kugirango agabanye uguhanganira intungagihingwa ziri mu butaka, urumuri rw’ izuba, umwanya n’ amazi no kurinda imyaka ibyonnyi biyitera indwara.

6.    Ubuhinzi buvugurura umutungo kamere 

Ibishyimbo by' imiteja bisasiye https://steemit.com/life/@holisticmom/excited-newbie-grower-sees-first-seeds-pop

Gushingirira ni ngombwa ku miteja irandaranda kugirango umusaruro ube mwinshi.

Gusasira nabyo ni ngombwa kuko bigabanya isuri, bikabungabunga ubuhehere mu butaka, bikirukana ibyonnyi bitera indwara kandi bikongera uburumbuke mu butaka igihe biboze.

Gusimburanya imyaka mu murima: Bigomba gukorwa kenshi kuko bifasha kurwanya ibyatsi, indwara kandi byongera uburumbuke mu butaka byongeramo Azote mu butaka. Ibi bigomba gukorwa hakoreshwa imyaka itabarizwa mu muryango w’ ibihingwa wa Fabase. Bifasha mu kurwanya ibyatsi, ibyonnyi n’indwara, kugabanya isuri no kuvugurura ibikomoka ku binyabuzima mu butaka.

7.     Gutegura umurima 

Gutegura umurima wo guhingamo imiteja https://www.pinterest.cl/pin/365354588490892005/

 

Guhitamo no gutegura umurima:  muri rusange, ibishyimbo bisanzwe bisaba ubutaka burebure, bwera, guhera ku bw' ibumba kugera ku buseseka, bufite imiterere myiza, ubusharire buri hagati ya 5.5 - 6.5, bushashe cyangwa buhengamye ho gato bufite inzira nziza z’ amazi. Tegura umutabo neza maze uvomerere mbere yo gutera kugirango ubutaka bube buherehereye mu buryo bungana.

Kugirango imiteja igire intangiriro nziza, rima igice cyo hejuru cy’ umurima wawe ugeze ku bujyakuzimu bwa 15.24 cm kugera kuri 20.32 cm kugirango umare mu murima ibibumbe by’ ubutaka cyangwa ibya Sodiyumu.  Umutabo ugizwe n’ ubutaka burebure, budafatanye wemerera imizi gusakara vuba ikagera ku mazi, intungagihingwa n’ umwuka mu buryo bworoshye. Kugirango imiteja imere, tegereza ko ubushyuhe mu butaka bugera byibura kuri 60 ^oF kugirango utere. Kugirango utange ibyatsi, hinga umurima inshuro ebyiri kugera kuri eshatu mu gihe cy’ iminsi myinshi mbere yo gutera (uko ubikora kenshi, niko bitanga umusaruro mwiza). Buri gihe uko ukoze ibi, wica ibyatsi byinshi byari byatangiye kumera. Hinga rimwe bwa nyuma mbere gato yo gutera. Kwita ku butaka muri buno buryo bigabanya imirimo yo kubagara ho kimwe cya kabiri. Imyinshi mu miteja ntabwo irobanura cyane aho ishorera imizi. Izaguha umusaruro mwiza mu butaka bw’ inombe, ubw’ umucanga, urutare, bukungahaye cyangwa bukennye yewe no mu ibumba. Ibyo aribyo byose ariko, irinde gutera imiteja mu gicucu cyangwa mu butaka buhora butose cyangwa budafite inzira z’ amazi zihagije. Indwara z’ ibishyimbo zigira imbaraga ahantu hahehereye, kandi imizi ishobora kutabona umwuka mwiza iyo amazi n’ ibyondo bipfutse inzira zayo z’ umwuka.

 

Kubiba:  Imiteja ibibirwako mu murima. Ubutaka bugomba guhingwa neza mbere yo gutera. Hamwe no kuhira, imiteja ishobora guhingwa umwaka wose ariko igihe cy’ ingenzi cyo kohereza mu mahanga ni ukuva mu Ukwakira kugera muri Gicurasi. Intera igomba kuba imirongo umwe umwe ya cm30x15 (urubuto rumwe muri buri mwobo) cyangwa imirongo ibiri ya cm 60 x 30.  Intera igengwa n’ ubwoko, uburumbuke bw’ ubutaka, ukuboneka kw’ amazi ndetse n’ uko ikirere cyifashe. Abahinzi bagirwa inama yo gutera mu mitabo y’ imirongo hafi ine itandukanyijwe n’ inzira ya hafi cm 50.

 

Ubutumburuke bw’ ahaterwa bugomba kuba bumwe, cyangwa bwenda gusa n’ ubw’ aho ibiterwa bituruka kugirango imyaka izabashe kurabya. Wihinga ibishyimbo mu murima umwe imyaka ikurikiranye, kugirango wirinde ibibazo by’ indwara.

 

8.  Kwita ku gihingwa   

1. Amafumbire

Kugirango ubone umusaruro mwiza, gukoresha amafumbire haba ashyirwa mu mizi cyangwa ku mababi ni ingenzi. Ubutaka budakungahaye ku bikomoka ku binyabuzima bugomba kongerwamo ifumbire y’ imborera.

Koresha 100 kg za DAP kuri Ari maze uyivange n’ ubutaka mbere yo gutera. Bahitamo gukoresha DAP kuko ifite ingano nyinshi ya Fosifore ifasha igihingwa mu gukura kw’ imizi. Hashobora no gukoreshwa andi mafumbire ashingiye kuri Fosifore nka TSP. Icyumweru kimwe nyuma yo kumera, ibihingwa bito bigomba guterwa LAVENDER SUPER STARTER® ml 20 / L 20 cyangwa GATIT SUPER START® g 50 / L 20 kugirango ibihingwa bigire imbaraga mu gufata hamwe n’ izindi nyungu.

Gushyira ifumbire yo gukuza imyaka: Koresha 50 kg za CAN kuri Ari ibihingwa bikiri ku kigero cy’ amababi 3 ya mbere na kg50 igihe igihingwa gitangiye kurabya. CAN yongera Azote mu butaka, bikongera ibara ry’ icyatsi mu mababi, rishinzwe gukora ibitunga igihingwa. Andi mafumbire ashingiye kuri Azote nka Ire nayo ashobora gukoreshwa.

Tera igihingwa GATIT SUPER GROWTH® g50/L20 cyangwa LAVENDER SUPER GROWTH & VEGETATIVE® ml20/L20 atanga Azote y’ ingenzi hamwe n’ izindi ntungagihingwa z’ ingenzi. iyo igihingwa gitangiye kurabya no kugira imisogwe, gitere GATIT SUPER FLOWERS & FRUITS® g50/L20 cyangwa DIMIPHITE® ml20/L20 cyangwa GOLDCHANCE MULTISUPER K® g50/L20 cyangwa LAVENDER. Gukoresha VITABOR GOLD® ml30/l20 nabyo birinda indabo guhunguka.

Aya mafumbire akungahaye ku ntungagihingwa zituma igihingwa kigira imisogwe myiza.

2.Kubagara no gusasira

Kuba umurima urimo ibyatsi bigabanya ubushobozi  bw’ igihingwa bwo kwera kuko ibyo byatsi bicuranwa n’ igihingwa intugagihingwa kandi bigacumbikira indwara n’ ibyonnyi, bityo ni ngombwa cyane kubagara. Koresha HOTLINE® 450SC ku kigero cya ml 50 / L 20, umuti utoranya wica ibyatsi mbere yo kumera ukarwanya ibyatsi by’ amababi magari ndetse n’ utwatsi. Mu gihe cyo kurabya, ntugomba kubagara kugirango wirinde guhungabanya igihingwa kikaba cyatakaza indabo.

3. Kuhira

Kuba hari ubuhehere bigira uruhare mu kuringaniza, umusaruro n’ ubwiza bw’ umusaruro bityo kuvomerera ni ngombwa mu gihe imvura idahagije. Ni byiza kandi guhinga ku mabimba no gukoresha uburyo bwo kuhira hagati y’ imitabo mu butaka bw’ ibumba ryinshi kuko imiteja itihanganira amazi areka. Kubura amazi mu gihe cyo kurabya no kuza kw’ imisogwe bitera gutakaza indabo no kwihinahina kw’ imisogwe bitera umusaruro muke.

9.  Kurwanya indwara n’ ibyonnyi   

a)     Ibyonnyi by' ibishyimbo by' imiteja

Icyonnyi	Ibyangizwa	Kucyirwanya
Isazi y’ imbuto y’ ibishyimbo  Isoko https://www.infonet-biovision.org/PlantHealth/Crops/Beans	Isazi y’ imbuto y’ ibishyimbo, inazwi nk’ urunyo rw’ imbuto y’ ibigori, ijya gusa n’ isazi nto yo mu nzu. Ifite uburebure buri hafi ya cm1. Ituma ibihingwa bimera mu kajagari. Iyo ibihingwa byangiritse bimeze, biragwingira, bikagira intege nke kandi bikananirwa gutanga umusaruro.	Hungira imbuto mbere yo gutera ukoresheje umuti wica udusimba Kugabanya ingano y' ifumbire y' imborera ahantu higeze haba isazi y' imbuto y' ibishymbo Irinde gutera ibishyimbo mu murima uhinzwe vuba ahantu iyi sazi iteje ikibazo Simburanya ibihingwa mu murima
Ubuhunduguru Isoko https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/bean/infos	Ni udusimba tugira imibiri mito kandi yorohereye dutura mu ruhande rwo hasi rw’ ibabi n’/cyangwa uruti by’ igihingwa; dukunda kugira ibara ry’icyatsi cyangwa umuhondo, ariko dushobora no kugira ibara rya move, iry’ ikigina, umutuku cyangwa umukara bitewe n’ubwoko cyangwa igihingwa twafashe;  Iyo uduhunduguru twabaye twinshi dushobora gutera amababi kuba umuhondo cyangwa kugira utudomo ducikaguritse cyangwa twumye, imitwe yagwingiye; Uduhunduguru  dukora amatembabuzi afatira, arimo urusukarisukari yitwa ikime cy’ ubuki akorohereza gukura k’ uruhumbu rusa n’ umwotsi ku bihingwa.	Niba uduhunduguru turi gusa ku mababi make cyangwa amashami make, icyo gihe ibice turiho dushobora gukatwa mu rwego rwo kwirinda Gukoresha imbuto yihanganira utu dusimba, niba ihari Gukoresha isaso igarura urumuri nka pulastike zifite amabara zishobora kubuza uduhunduguru kuza kurya ku gihingwa Gukoresha imiti yica udukoko (insegitiside) igihe uduhunduguru ari twinshi cyane
Nkongwa  (Beet armyworm)    Isoko: https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/bean/infos	Icukura imyobo mu mababi ishobora kuba ari umwe cyangwa myinshi, ifite ishusho y’ uruziga cyangwa ishusho idafututse; amababi asigarana ya mirongo yayo gusa; ibikomere byo hejuru byumye ku misogwe; ikirundo cy’ amagi 50-150 gishobora kugaragara ku mababi; Inyo nto zigira ibara ry’ icyatsi cyererutse kugera ku muhondo	Gukoresha ibindi binyabuzima hakoreshwe abanzi kamere ziba indiririzi z' inyo Mu mirima minini, hakoreshwa ibinyabutabire mu kurwanya izi nkongwa
Inyo z' ibigori ( Helicoverpa zea) Isoko :https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/bean/infos	Inyo zangiza amababi, udutwe, indabo, imisogwe n’ ibishyimbo; Utunyabwoya duto tugira ibara ry’ umweru usa n’ uw’ amavuta, umutwe w’umukara n’ amoya y’ umukara. Amagi aterwa rimwe rimwe ku buso bwombi bwaba ubwo hejuru n’ ubwo hasi agatangira afite ibara ry’ umweru w’ amavuta ariko akagira uruziga rw’ ibara ry’ umutuku ujya gusa n’ ikigina nyuma y’ amasaha 24 kandi akijima mbere yo guturagwa.	Gukurikiranira hafi igihingwa urebako nta magi cyangwa inyo, kwitondera ko udusimba tuyihiga tutangizwa n' ibinyabutabire ''Bacillus thuringiensis'' cyangwa ''Entrust SC'' zishobora gukoreshwa mu kurwanya ibyonnyi ku bihingwa bihinzwe mu buhinzi budakoresha  ibinyabutabire Ibinyabutabire bikwiye bishobora gukoreshwa mu mirima minini cyane
Inanda (Cut worm)   Isoko https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/bean/infos	Uruti rw’ ibihingwa bito cyangwa ingemwe rushobora gucikira ku murongo wo ku butaka; - Icukura imyobo y’ ishusho idafututse mu buso bw’ imisogwe;  - urunyo rwangiza rukunda gukora nijoro maze ku munsi rukihisha mu butaka bwo munsi y’ igihingwa cyangwa mu bisigazwa by’ ibihingwa biri mu murima;  - Urunyo rugira uburebure bwa cm2.5-5.0; rushobora kugaragaza urunyurane rw’ amahuzamirongo n’ amabara ariko bikunda kwihinahina bishushanya inyuguti ya C iyo bihungabanyijwe.	Gukura ibisigazwa by' ibihingwa mu murima nyuma yo gusarura cyangwa nibura ibyumweru bibiri mbere yo gutera. Ibi ni ngombwa cyane cyane iyo igihingwa cyabanje ari igishobora kuba indiri nka alfalfa, ibishyimbo cyangwa ibinyamisogwe bitwikira ubutaka Pulasitike cyangwa urupapuro rukomeye ruzengurutse igice cyo hasi cy' igihingwa nka 3cm hejuru y' umurongo w' ubutaka no gukomeza izindi cm mu butaka bishobora kubuza aka gakoko kurya ibihingwa Gutoragura n' intoki aka gakoko nyuma y' umwijima Gutera umuti ufite ubushobozi bwo kwica aka gakoko
Ibivumvuri bya Mexike (Epilachna varivestis)   Isoko https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/bean/infos	-  Zangiza amababi. - Amababi agaragara nk’ ayorohereye. - Iyo kimaze gukura kiba ari ikivumvuri gifite amabara y’ icunga rihishije-ikigina n’ utudomodomo tw’ umukara ku mababi.	Gutera amoko y' ibishyimbo ashobora kuba akurura gake aka gakoko Ibishyimbo byera vuba bishobora kudahura n' aka gakoko Umubare w' aka gakoko ushobora kugabanywa hakurwaho ibisigazwa by' ibihingwa byasigaye cyangwa ibibabi byasigaye ku butaka Gutera umuti wica udukoko umeze nk' isabune ku bice byo munsi by' ibibabi igihe udukoko ari twinshi cyane

 

b)    Indwara z' ibishyimbo by' imiteja

Indwara mu miteja
Indwara	Ibimenyetso	Kuyirwanya
Umugese Isoko https://www.plantwise.org/KnowledgeBank/factsheetforfarmers/20127802224	Iyi ndwara iterwa n’ agahumyo kitwa Uromyces appendiculatus Ukugaragara kw’ ibibara bito by’ umweru bisa n’ ibyigiye hejuru ku buso bwo hejuru bw’ ibabi. Ibyo bibara bihinduka umutuku kugeza ku kigina kijimye nyuma y’ iminsi mike.	Guhinduranya imyaka mu murima. Gukoresha amoko y’ imbuto yihanganira iyi ndwara. Gutera ibinyabutabire nka: Baycor 30% EC, Bitertanol, Anvil, Alto 100 SL, cyangwa Dithane M45 bigomba gukoreshwa buri nyuma y’ ibyumweru bibiri.
Ibizinga isoko https://beanipm.pbgworks.org/angular-leaf-spot	Amababi, uduti n’ imisogwe bigira ibizinga by’ ikigina cyangwa umutuku bisa n’ ibihengetse.  Impande z’ ibara ry’ iroza n’ intima z’ ikigina. Amababi icyo gihe ashobora kugwa atarakura.	Hakoreshwa imbuto nzima z’ indobanure. Koresha ibinyabutabire nka fernasan-D ku mababi, mu ngano ya gm3 ku kiro cy’ imbuto. Tera imiti nka benomil (cyangwa benlate)
Kubora kw'imizi isoko https://www.infonet-biovision.org/PlantHealth/Crops/Beans	Ibihingwa byafashwe bigaragaza uguhinduka umuhondo no gupfa k’ uruti ahagana ku butaka. Kugwingira nabyo bishobora kubaho. Ingemwe zishobora kudafata neza. Imikurire itaringaniye Gupfa kw’ amababi no kugwa kwayo ku bihingwa byafashwe cyane.	Gukingira imbuto ukoresheje imiti nka: Fernasan-D, mu ngano ya gm3 ku kiro cy’ imbuto. Gutera ibihingwa imiti kugeza bitose igihe bikiri gukura. Imiti ishobora kwifashishwa ni nka: Brassicol (cyangwa Quintozene), Benomil (cyangwa Benlate), cyangwa Bavistin.
Ibizinga biterwa na bagiteri Isoko http://ipm.uconn.edu/documents/raw2/Bacterial%20Bean%20Blights/Bacterial%20Bean%20Blights.php?aid=115	Indwara ikwirakwira binyuze mu matembabuzi aturuka mu bikomere by’ ibihingwa birwaye cyangwa ibyishwe n’ iyi ndwara. Ibihingwa bigaragaza ibizinga bimeze nk’ inziga ku mababi, kuma kw’ impera z’ amababi, guhinduka umuhondo no kujwenga amazi kw’ imisogwe.	Ikoreshwa ry’ imbuto y’ indobanure. Kwica no kurimbura ibihingwa byafashwe. Guhinduranya imyaka mu mirima. Gutera imiti yica uduhumyo ishingiye ku muringa nka kocide 101.
Akaribata Isoko https://www.greenlife.co.ke/bean-anthracnose/	Agahumyo kayitera gafata imbuto kakagira ingaruka ku bice byose byo hejuru by’ igihingwa.  Ikwirakwizwa n’ amashahi y’ imvura, umuyaga cyangwa gukoranaho n’ ibyigenza byayikwirakwiza. Iyi ndwara irangwa no kugaragaza ibibara by’ ikigina bisa n’ ibyinjiyemo bikagira impera z’ umukara iyo biri ku misogwe;	Koresha imbuto y’ indobanure zemejwe. Tera imbuto itarwaye (yasaruwe ku misogwe itarwaye) Koresha imbuto irwanya iyi ndwara Ubahiriza igerambuto iteganywa Gusukura umurima Guhinduranya imyaka mu murima Gutera imiti nka Benomyl, Mancozeb na propineb ku mababi. Vana mu murima ibishogoshogo by’ibishyimbo byarwaye
Virusi y' ibishyimbo Isoko https://www.growveg.com/plant-diseases/us-and-canada/bean-mosaic-virus/	Iyi ndwara ifata imbuto igakwirakwizwa n’ udusurira. Ibimenyetso by’ iyi ndwara bihinduka bitewe n’ ubwoko, ikigero cy’ imikurire n’ ibijyanye n’ ikirere. Birimo uruvange (  Birimo kugira ibibara, kwihina no kugwingira kw’ amababi Amababi ashobora kuza yihinahinnye bigatuma igihingwa cyose kigwingira.   Igihingwa kizana amaso yo kuruhande menshi bikabije.	Koresha imbuto z’ indobanure. Tera amoko afite ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ indwara. Randura ibihingwa byafashwe. Rinda ibihingwa udusurira ukoresha imiti yica udukoko.
Milidiyu y’ agafu Isoko : https://www.growveg.com/plant-diseases/us-and-canada/bean-powdery-mildew/	Ifata uruti, amababi, indabo n’ imisogwe bikagaragaza igisa n’ agafu k’ umweru kagera aho kagahinduka umukara. Iyo indwara yageze kure, amababi ahinduka umuhondo akagwa.	Isuku y’ umurima Guhinduranya imyaka mu murima. Imiti yica uduhumyo nka Dithane M45, Antracol, Bayleton.
Milidiyu https://www.liberaldictionary.com/downy-mildew/	Ubuso bwo munsi h’ ikibabi bugira ibara ry’ ikijuju rigera nyuma rigakwira ubuso bwose bw’ ikibabi.	Isuku y’ umurima. Guhinduranya imyaka mu murima. Imiti yica uduhumyo nka ''Dithane M45, Antracol, Bayleton''.

10.              Gusarura, kwita ku musaruro no guhunika umusaruro w’ imiteja.

 

Gusarura

 Bitangira kuva ibyumweru 6 kugera ku 8 nyuma yo gutera bitewe n’ ubwoko ndetse n’ aho igihingwa kiri. Ibyiza ni ugusarura mu gitondo ariko igihingwa kidatose cyane kandi bugakorwa hasoromanwa ubwitonzi imisogwe igasoromwa ku gihingwa idakuruwe. Mu gusarura, hashyirwamo intera y’ iminsi idahindagurika ikagenwa n’ ibyihariye ku isoko. Urugero, inshuro ebyiri mu cyumweru kugirango ubone imiteja yoroshye n’ inshuro eshatu mu cyumweru kugirango ubone imiteja yoroshye cyane, kandi bishobora kumara hafi ukwezi kose. Kuyisarura ikiri mito bituma igihingwa kirushaho kuyikora, kandi ikaba iryoshye.

  Umusaruro

Ari imwe ishobora kuvaho toni 4 kugera kuri 6 z’ imiteja.

Gufata neza umusaruro

Ni ngombwa kwita ku musaruro mu rwego rwo kubungabunga ubwiza bwawo. Nk’ urugero, imiteja yasaruwe ntigomba gushyirwa ku zuba, kandi amakarito asarurirwamo ntagomba kuzuzwa birengeje urugero rwayo.

Kurobanura no gushyira mu byiciro

Kurobanura bikorwa mu rwego rwo kuvanamo imiteja yavunitse, iyihinahinnye n’ iyakomeretse kimwe n’ ibindi bisigazwa by’ igihingwa mu gihe gushyira mu byiciro byo bigomba gukorwa hashingiwe ku ngano y’ imisogwe.

Gupakira

Gusarura ibishyimbo by' imiteja https://www.johnnyseeds.com/growers-library/vegetables/about-snap-beans.html

 Ibikorwa bijyanye no gupakira bigomba gutanga amakarito y’ umusaruro yujuje ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge byashyizweho n’ umuryango w’ ubumwe bw’ u Burayi ku miteja (ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge EC 912/2001) kandi buri karito yapakiriwe koherezwa hanze igomba kugaragaza ibiranga igicuruzwa, ni ukuvuga: izina rya nyir’ umusaruro, ubunini, icyiciro, inkomoko, n’ ibindi.

Guhunika

Nyuma gato yo gupakira, umusaruro ugomba guhita ubikwa mu cyumba gikonjesha. Ubushyuhe bukaba 4⁰C kandi ubuhehere rusange bukaba hafi 80%. Imiteja ishobora kubikwa icyumweru.

 

 

11.Gucuruza

 Isoko ry’ ingenzi ry’ imiteja ni iryo mu muryango w’ ubumwe bw’ u Burayi kandi isoko ryo mu mahanga mu Rwanda riri mu bihembwe bibiri by’ ingenzi aribyo; igihe imiteja ikenerwa ari myinshi ku isoko (Nzeri kugera muri Mutarama, aho umusaruro uboneka uturuka cyane cyane mu kuhira) n’ igihe imiteja ikenerwa ku isoko ari mike (Kamena kugera muri Nzeri, igihe cy’ imvura nyinshi bituma imiteja iboneka ku bwinshi ikagira igiciro gito). Amakuru aturuka muri NAEB agaragaza ko kugeza mu Ugushyingo 2016 imiteja yoherezwaga mu bufaransa no mu bwongereza kandi ko hari amasoko atanga icyizere yafungutse muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’ abarabu no mu burasirazuba bwo hagati.

                                                 

Kurobanura no gushyira imiteja yo kugurisha  mu byiciro https://mambo.hypotheses.org/164

 

12. Amashakiro

https://cropnuts.com/french-beans-farming-guide/

https://www.selinawamucii.com/produce/fruits-and-vegetables/rwanda-french-beans/

http://farmbizafrica.com/markets/1952-exporter-looking-for-farmers-to-grow-french-beans-and-passion-fruits

http://www.nafis.go.ke/vegetables/french-beans/disease-control/

https://steemit.com/life/@holisticmom/excited-newbie-grower-sees-first-seeds-pop

https://beanipm.pbgworks.org/angular-leaf-spot

https://www.infonet-biovision.org/PlantHealth/Crops/Beans

https://www.growveg.com/plant-diseases/us-and-canada/bean-mosaic-virus/

https://www.liberaldictionary.com/downy-mildew/

https://www.greenlife.co.ke/french-beans/

https://garden.org/learn/articles/view/448/