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Gukura kw’ amatsinda

Itsinda rivuze abantu babiri cyangwa benshi bakorana, baziranye ngo bagere ku ntego. Hariho impamvu nyinshi zituma habaho ishyirwaho ry’ amatsinda, uguhurira ku nyungu imwe kw’ abanyamuryango bikaba aribyo by’ ingenzi cyane. Izi nyungu zishobora kuba izijyanye n’ imibanire, umuco, ubukungu cyangwa iza politiki bitewe n’ ubwoko bw’ itsinda. Guha umurongo abahinzi n’ aborozi n' ingamba nkenerwa mu guhangana n’ ikibazo kiri mu buhinzi n’ ubworozi muri rusange, no mu mikorere mito n’ iciriritse by’ umwihariko. Ukwishyirahamwe kw’ abahinzi cyangwa aborozi kwakoze nk’ amatsinda yo kubona uburenganzira ku mutungo muke nk’ ubutaka n’ amazi, kuzuza inshingano zirebana n’ imibereho y’ abanyamuryango. Kwashoboye kandi gukora ibirebana n’ imibereho, gushyira ku murongo ubufasha bugendanye n’ ibikoresho, gutanga inama za tekiniki, no kumvikana kubyo gucuruza no kugemura ibikenewe. Amatsinda yitaye birushijeho ku isoko kandi ahenshi akenera sitati y’ ubucuruzi bwemewe ngo akore neza.

a)Kubera iki amatsinda?

Ishyirwaho ry’ amatsinda riterwa no kuba hari uguhurira ku gukenera hagati y’ abantu runaka. Abantu bishyira hamwe ngo bahuze imbaraga hagamijwe guhaza bwa bukene. Intsinzi mu guhaza ubwo bukene izaterwa n’ urwego rw’ uguhuza kw’ abanyamuryango mu ntekerezo n’ intego.

Itsinda rigizwe n’ abahuje impamvu rishobora kubyara ibibazo, amatsinda menshi nyamara agizwe n’ abanyamuryango badahuje impamvu;

Abashishikajwe n’ umurimo - buri wese ashaka gukora ibye;
Abiyitayeho - buri wese ashaka gutegeka;
Abagamije guhura n’ abandi - ibiganiro byinshi, ibikorwa bidahagije

Iyi myitwarire yose y’ abanyamuryango ni ngombwa igihe igenzuwe neza ngo habeho ukuringaniza kwakorerwamo. Ni ingenzi kumenya ko buri munyamuryango afite imbaraga zakoreshwa mu nyungu z’ itsinda. Nk’ urugero, abantu bashaka guhura n’ abandi cyane bashobora gufatwa nk’ abateje ikibazo nyamara rimwe na rimwe bashobora gufasha kugabanya ukutumvikana gushoboka mu itsinda. Itsinda rigera ku ntego riringaniza neza iyo myitwarire yose.

b)Ibyiciro byo gukura kw’ itsinda

Turebye itsinda nk’ ikintu kimwe, tubona inzira zigaragara neza z’ imyitwarire ibaho mu itsinda. Ishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro.

Icyiciro cya mbere (icyiciro cy’ iremwa): iki cyiciro kirangwa n’ uko abanyamuryango baba bashaka umutekano no kurindwa, ibisubizo bidahamye, gushaka guhura n’ abandi byo kurenzaho, kugaragaza ugushingira ku buyobozi buriho. Abanyamuryango muri iki cyiciro bakora imirimo ituma bahuga, cyangwa bakagaragaza ukuba ba ntibindeba.
Icyiciro cya kabiri (icyiciro cyo gushyiraho intego): Mu cyiciro cya kabiri abanyamuryango bashaka abo bahuje bagatangira kwisangizanya. Kwirema udutsiko ni ibintu bikunze kubaho. Abanyamuryango baba bamaze gushyiraho intego rusange mu icuruza.
Icyiciro cya gatatu (icyiciro cyo gushyiraho amategeko): Icyiciro cya gatatu cyo gukura kirangwa no kurushaho kwita ku kunoza umurimo. Haba hari uguhuza gukomeye n’ ukumvikana hagati y’ abanyamuryango, kandi kirangwa n’ ubucuti bwa hafi n’ ugushyira hamwe.
Icyiciro cya kane (icyiciro cyo gutangira kuguruka no gukura): Iki ni icyiciro cy’ itnsinda rikora neza aho abanyamuryango bibona nk’ itsinda kandi bakagira uruhare mu murimo. Buri munyamuryango agira uruhare kandi ubuyobozi bukabonwa nk’ ubugize itsinda.

c) Ibigira uruhare mu gukura kw’ itsinda

Abagize itsinda: abagize itsinda bahuje intumbero n’ umugambi/ubutumwa
Ugushyirahamwe kw’ itsinda: ubumwe bw’ itsinda n’ubushobozi bwo gukorera hamwe.
Ubwizerwe bw’ itsinda: abanyamuryango bakunze kuba abizerwa mu matsinda ashyize hamwe.
Guhanahana amakuru mu itsinda: amakuru agomba gutangwa ku bwoko bw’ umurimo, ibyemezo ku musaruro n’ impinduka ku byemezo byabanje.
imiyoborere y’ itsinda: amatsinda mato akunze kuyoborwa mu buryo budahamye.

d) Amoko y’ imiyoborere

Umuyobozi w’ itsinda cyangwa umudugudu w’ ubucuruzi agaragazwa n’ ibyo akora. Zimwe mu nshingano z’umuyobozi zirimo
Gutanga icyerekezo, guha umurongo no kuyobora abanyamuryango mu bintu runaka.
Guhuza, kugenzura no guhagararira mu bufatanye no mu bikorwa by’ isoko
Kujya inama no gucunga ibikorwa ibikorwa bitandukanye mu itsinda ry’ abahinzi/aborozi

Aya niyo moko y’ uburyo bw’ imiyoborere.

Imiyoborere ya Demukarasi; Iyi ni imiyoborere idaheza, iha abantu bose umwanya. Abanyamuryango mu buryo bwisanzuye kandi bunoze bafata ibyemezo kandi buri munyamuryango aba afite uburenganzira bwo gutanga igitekerezo ariko ubwiganze nibwo buratsinda. Iyi irashyigikiwe cyane ariko igomba gushyirwa mu bikorwa hashingiwe ku ntego z’ imidugudu y’ ubucuruzi, intego, iteganyabikorwa n’ intego.
Igitugu; Ni ikinyuranyo cya demukarasi aho abayobozi batura amategeko ku bo bayoboye. Abayobozi bafata ibyemezo, abayoborwa bakaba bagomba kubishyira mu bikorwa nta kubaza. Ubu bwoko bw’ imiyoborere burabijijwe cyane mu midugudu y’ ubucuruzi.
Kubareka bagakora (kuyobora byo kwitegereza); Ubu ni ubwoko bw’ imiyoborere aho umuyobozi aba ari indorerezi, abanyamuryango akaba aribo bafata ibyemezo by’ icyo gukora n’ uburyo bwo kugikora. Iyi miyoborere irabujijwe mu midugudu y’ ubucuruzi kandi icibwa intege binyuze muri za komite zunganira.

e)Imirongo migari ku miyoborere myiza mu midugudu y’ ubucuruzi

Imiyoborere myiza ikwiriye;

Guharanira ko abagize itsinda baba bashyize hamwe.
Gushishikazwa n’ umusaruro.
Gushyiraho uburyo bugaragaza itandukaniro hagati y’ imyanya n’ abayirimo. Imyanya itandukanye ntiyakagombye kugira inshingano zisa.
Kuyoborwa n’ itegekonshinga ry’ itsinda.
Guhagararira ni ukuvuga; igomba kubamo abayobozi bavuye mu ngo zitandukanye, ibitsina n’ amatsinda y’ imyaka.
Gutuma abayobozi bakurikiza amategeko y’ imyanya yabo.

a) Ibiranga umuyobozi mwiza

Ugira icyerekezo kandi akamenya gushungura neza.
wumva neza kandi ugira ibibazo by' abandi ibye
Wubaka ikipe
Ubunyangamugayo kandi wizerwa
Uhanga udushya

b) Umumaro w’ ubuyobozi bw’ amatsinda y’ ubucuruzi

Kumenya abagura ibicuruzwa
Kumvikana ku bigenga imicururize n’ abaguzi mu izina ry’ itsinda
Guteza imbere ugushyirahamwe kw’ itsinda
Kurema ubufatanye na kompanyi zitanga ibikenerwa, ibigo by’ imari n’ izindi kompanyi zigenga.
Korohereza abanyamuryango kubona amahugurwa

c) Uburyo bwo kongera ubushobozi bw’ imiyoborere

Imiyoborere ishobora kunozwa biciye mu nzira zitandukanye zirimo;
Mu mahugurwa no kwiga (ubumenyi ni imbaraga)
Gusura abayobozi babifitemo ubunararibonye ngo bakwerekere.
Kwitoza buri munsi binyuza mu kwikosora no kwishima.
Abayobozi ntibabivukana gusa, ahubwo barabikuza uko igihe gihita biciye mu bunararibonye, (kunguka ubumenyi) .Abantu bamwe basa n’ abayobora neza muri kamere yabo ariko kujya hanze no kwihangana byongera ubushobozi bwabo.

d) Gukemura amakimbirane mu matsinda

Ubu ni uburyo bwo gukemura amakimbirane mu matsinda
Ugukorera hamwe: Iyo impande zombie z’ amakimbirane zifite ibyo ibibazo by’ ingenzi, itsinda rigomba gushaka ibindi bisubizo binyura buri wese. Ibi bisaba gukorera hamwe no kubaha ibitekerezo by’ abandi.
Kumvikana; Ibi bivuze guheba kuri buri wese uri mu itsinda. Iyi nzira ifasha kuringaniza intego za buri ruhande n’ imibanire mu banyamuryango b’ itsinda.
Expert Inararibonye; Hano itsinda rihamagara inararibonye idafite ahoibogamiye ikaza ikabumva kandi ikerekana inzira ijya mbere. Ntibigomba kugaragara ko hari uruhande rwahamagaye uwo mwunzi keretse urudafite aho rubogamiye. Icyitonderwa: n’ ubwo abanyamuryango b’ itsinda bashobora gukoresha inzira zitandukanye mu gukemura amakimbirane bitewe n’ ikibazo ariko gushyira hamwe niyo nzira igera ku ntego by’ umwihariko kuko igerageza kuzana ibisubizo binyura impande zombi.

Itegekonshinga ry’ itsinda ry’umudugudu w’ ubucuruzi

Itegekonshinga ni inyandiko igaragaza imirongo migari ku buryo itsinda/umuryango uzashyirwaho ukanayoborwa kugirango ugere ku ntego zashyizweho neza. Ririndira umuryango ku ishingiro no ku ntera y’amategeko yumvikanyweho n’ abanyamuryango cyangwa ba nyirawo.

Itegekonshinga cyangwa amategeko arishamikiyeho rigomba kuba ririmo ibi bikurikira:

Kugaragaza impamvu itsinda ryashyizweho ni ukuvuga intego, urugero,gukuza imibereho myiza y’ abanyamuryango mu buryo bukurikira: ibikorwa by’iterambere by’ umudugudu, ibisohoka ku buvuzi, ibikenerwa mu burezi, gusyingura, ibikorwa rusange.
Ubunyamuryango: Itegekonshinga rigomba kugaragaza mu buryo busobanutse uwemerewe cyangwa ukwiriye kuba umunyamuryango.
Imiyoborere n’ imicungire y’ itsinda: Hakwiriye kubaho uburyo bugaragajwe neza kandi busobanutse bwo gutora ubuyobozi bw’ itsinda. Abo bayobozi bashobora kubamo umukuru, umwungiriza, umunyamabanga, umunyamabanga wungirije, umubitsi, umubitsi wungirije, n’ abandi.
Uko abanyamuryango bazajya bahura ngo baganire ubucuruzi/ibikorwa by’ itsinda: Ibi bigomba kugaragaza ibihe by’ inama n’ amataliki, aho inama zibera n’ icyo kuganiraho (ajenda/gahunda)
Icungamari ry’ itsinda: itegekonshinga rigomba kugaragaza konti amafaranga azajya ashyirwaho, abayishyiraho umukono, ufite ubushobozi bwo kubikuza n’ impamvu ndetse n’ uburyo bwo kubona amafaranga n’ ibindi.
Iyirukanwa ry’ abanyamuryango: Itegekonshinga rigomba kugaragaza uburyo bwo gutwaramo abanyamuryango banyuranya n’ amategeko n’ amabwiriza y’ itsinda.
Ibindi bibazo bigira ingaruka ku mikorere y’ itsinda; itegekonshinga/amategeko arishamikiyeho agomba kugaragaza kandi akavuga ku bibazo byose byagira ingaruka ku mikorere myiza yaryo bityo bikaba byaribuza kugera ku ntego zaryo.

Imiterere y’ imiyoborere ya CPG/CV