IMFAHANYIGISHO Y’ IYONGERAGACIRO N’ UMUTEKANO W’ IBIRIBWA KURI SHUFURERI

Intangiriro ku gusarura, gusukura no kugabanya ingano

3.1 Igishushanyombonera cy’ ugutunganya shufureri kuva zisaruwe kugera ku kugabanya ingano

3.2 Ishyirwa mu byiciro rya shufureri

Shufureri ni rumwe mu mboga zibarizwa mu muryango w’ amashu. Shufureri ni rumwe mu mboga zangirika vuba kubera ko rwifitemo amazi menshi. Hashingiwe ku mubare w’ iminsi bitwara ngo zere, shufureri zishobora gushyirwa muri ibi byiciro:

1. Izera vuba – zasarurwa mu minsi 40-45 nyuma yo kugemura cyane cyane ahashyuha.
2. Izera mu gihe kiringaniye – zasarurwa mu minsi 60-75 nyuma yo kugemurwa kandi cyane cyane mu misozi iringaniye
3. Izera zitinze – zasarurwa mu minsi 80-140 nyuma yo kugemurwa

Shufureri zishobora guhingwa ahantu henshi hatandukanye guhera ahaba ikirere gikonja, igishyuha n’ igishyuha cyane. Shufureri z’ ahashyuha zishobora guhingwa mu gihe cy’ imvura kandi n’ ubundi zikaba zatanga umusaruro mwiza. Uru ruboga rushobora kandi no kwera mu rusobe rw’ ubutaka, wenda mu butaka bufite imborera nyinshi rukera kurushaho.

3.3 Gusarura shufureri

 

Shufureri zigomba gusarurwa zeze neza. Shufureri ziba zeze iyo umutwe wuzuye kandi ufite ingano nini cyane akenshi cm15-20. Kugirango ugire uyu musaruro ukeneye gusuzuma shufureri zigifite cm5-7. Kuri iki cyiciro, ugomba gukurura amababi make ukayazirika byoroheje uyazengurukije umutwe wa shufureri ngo zirusheho kugira ubuziranenge bwisumbuyeho n’ imitwe irushaho gukomera. Mu kurinda imitwe gukomereka, sarurana shufureri zeze n’ amababi make. Igihe cyiza cyo gusarura imboga ni mu masaha ya mu gitondo nyuma y’ uko ikime cyumye. Irinde gushyira shufureri zasaruwe aho zigerwaho n’ izuba ry’ igikatu kuko bituma zangirika vuba.

3.4 Gusukura shufureri

Nk’ inyinshi mu mboga, shufureri nazo ziba zifite ubutaka bwafashe ku buso, bityo imboga zasaruwe zikeneye gusukurwa kugirango hagemurwe cyangwa harangurwe imboga zisukuye. Oza shufureri munsi y’ amazi atemba ngo ukureho ubutaka bwose bwafasheho. Nyuma yo gusukura ukoresheje amazi atemba, inika imboga mu mazi arimo umunyu (ikiyiko kimwe cy’ umunyu mu gikombe cy’ amazi cyangwa amazi arimo umunyu kuri 2%). Ibi bifasha gukuraho imiti yica udukoko yafasheho kimwe n’ inyo niba hari iziri ku mababi ya shufureri.

3.5. Gukuraho igice kitaribwa

Ishusho 2: Shufureri yasukuwe igakatwa

(Source: Google Images, 2020)

Nyuma yo gusarura shufureri, ni ngombwa ko zihita zishyirwa mu byiciro. Mu gihe zishyirwa mu byiciro, hubahirizwa ingano iringaniye n’ ubusugire by’ umutwe kuko bigenga igenagaciro. Ni ngombwa kandi kwita ku gukuramo shufureri zirwaye cyangwa izenda kubora cyangwa se izangijwe n’ udusimba.

Nyuma yo kurobanura no gushyira mu byiciro, hasigara shufureri zaribwa. Muri rusange, ibice byose bya shufureri biraribwa kandi bikungahaye ku ntungamubiri. Bitewe n’ uburyo ushaka ko zoroha, akenshi, amababi y’ inyuma n’ uruti bikurwaho maze bikaba byaza kongerwa mu masupu niba ariko ubyifuza.

Uruhu rw’ igice cy’ inyuma cy’ igice cya kabiri cyo hasi cya shufureri ruba rukomeyeho gato bityo kigomba gutonorwa mbere yo kongerwa mu mafunguro.

Gutonora ibice bya shufureri bikomeye bishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe igikoresho cyoroheje cyo mu gikoni nk’ icyuma cyangwa gukuraho n’ intoki zisukuye. Hariho kandi n’ imashini zakozwe zishobora gufasha mu gukuraho amababi y’ inyuma n’ urwo ruti rukomeye.

3.6 Gutandukanya cyangwa kugabanya ingano

Ishusho 3: Kugabanya ingano ya shufureri bikorewe mu murima

(Source: Google images, 2020)

Shufureri zarobanuriwe mu murima zigeze aho zipakirirwa cyangwa ku ikusanyirizo zigomba gukatwaho uruti rufite uburebure bukabije n’ amababi.

Umutwe wa shufureri ugomba gukatwa ugasigarana uruti rwa mm10 n’ amababi atwikira atarenze ane. Ayo mababi atwikira azagabanya ikigero cy’ ukwangirika. Amababi afasheho niyo abora mbere mu gihe cyo gucuruza no guhunika. Ibi bituma umutwe nawo ubora, kuko umutwe ugirwaho ingaruka cyane na Etilene ivuburwa n’ amababi ari kubora.

3.7 Inyungu za shufureri ku buzima bwacu

I.Ni isoko nziza y’ ibirinda kanseri cyane cyane za gurukonizorate na za izotiyosinate

II.Zikungahaye kuri kororine igira uruhare mu kurinda ubusugire bw’ agahu k’ utunyangingo.

III.Zigira karori nkeya ariko zikagira vitamini nyinshi cyane cyane vitamini C.

IV.Zigira utudodo tutivanga n’ amazi twinshi

V.Zigira ibinyabutabire byinshi bifsha ubuzima birinda kubyimbirwa.

 4. Amahame n’ uburyo bw’ iyongeragaciro

4.1. Iriburiro

Shufureri ni rumwe mu mboga zigezweho mu Rwanda. Zishobora guhingwa ahantu henshi hatandukanye mu by’ ikirere. Shufureri zigiramo amazi menshi bityo zikangirika cyane. Bityo zisaba guhita ziribwa cyangwa uburyo buboneye bwo kuzihunika mu kuzongerera ukudahindagurika zihunitswe no kuzirinda kwangirika vuba.

4.2  Kubungabunga n’ uburyo bwakoreshwa

Nyuma yo gusarura no gusukura shufureri, bitewe n’ ingano yasaruwe, zishobora guhita ziribwa cyangwa zigakenera kubungabungwa cyangwa guhunikwa cyangwa ubwikorezi ngo zoherezwe mu mahanga. Ziribwa mbisi cyangwa zitetse. Zisukurwa mu mazi y’ umunyu 2% ngo zikurweho urunyo urwo arirwo rwose rwafashe ku buso cyangwa imiti yica udukoko. Imboga zasukuwe zishobora noneho gutangira gukorwaho imirimo ya nyuma y’ isarura mu kugabanya ibihombo by’ umusaruro nk’ uko bigaragazwa hasi.

4.2.1 Kurobanurira no gushyirira mu byiciro mu murima

Gushyira shufureri mu byiciro bikorwa hitawe ku ngano ya shufureri zasaruwe n’ ubukure bw’ imitwe. Shufureri ziranagenzurwa ngo harebwe ko nta miti yica udukoko cyangwa ibinyabutabire byasigayeho. Shufureri zitujuje ibisabwa zivanwamo bityo ntizikomeze gutunganywa.

4.2.2 Gukata

Gukata shufureri bigizwe no gukuraho amababi arengaho hagasigara amababi n’ ane yo kurinda umutwe w’ imbere. Aya mababi ane aba ahagije mu kubungabunga ubusugire bw’ imiterere ya shufureri. Ni ngombwa kugenzura niba hari aho umutwe watakaje ibara. Iyo bidashoboka kuvanaho uko gutakaza ibara kubera ugupfa k’ utunyangingo kwabaye henshi cyangwa kubora, icyo gihe ibyo byitegererezo byose bigomba gutabwa.

4.2.3 Kurobanura no gushyira mu byiciro

Nyuma yo gukata shufureri, zihita zirobanurwa zikanashyirwa mu byiciro. Shufureri zarobanuwe zikanashyirwa mu byiciro zigabanywa mu byiciro bitatu by’ ingenzi: icyiciro 1, icyiciro 2 n’ icyiciro 3. Ibyiciro bitandukanye bigira ibiciro bitandukanye ku isoko.

4.2.4 Gupakira

Gupakira shufureri zasaruwe ni intambwe y’ ingenzi mu kugabanya iyangirika ry’ umusaruro. Akenshi, umwinshi mu musaruro wangirikira mu mirimo ikurikira isarura. Bitewe n’ uko umuntu apakira umusaruro we, umwinshi wakwangirika cyangwa hakangirika muke. Ubwoko bw’ ibipakirwamo n’ uko gupakira bikorwa bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku mirimo yo gupakira n’ ubuziranenge bwa shufureri zapakiwe.

4.2.4. Ibipakirwamo

Mu kwita n’ ubwikorezi bikwiye  (Cartercenter, 2020) bwa shufureri mbisi, ibipakirwamo biboneka birimo: ibitebo by’ imigano, amakereti akozwe mu biti, amakereti ya pulastiki ashobora kugarurwa no kugerekeranywa, kawucu (iyi irabujijwe mu Rwanda) cyangwa impago za pulasitiki ya polipropilene, n’ amakarito.

Uretse amakreti ya pulastiki, ibi bipakirwamo birakoreshwa cyane kubera igiciro cyabyo gito no kuba biboneka cyane, ariko akenshi, bikoreshwa nabi (kuzuza bikabije, kudahuza n’ imiterere y’ umusaruro) cyane cyane mu gukusanya no mu bwikorezi bw’ umusaruro mubisi uvanwa mu murima.

4.2.4.2 Ibyo kwitabwaho bijyanye n’ ibipakirwamo

Ibyiza ni ugupakira shufureri mu makereti ya pulasitiki. Aya makereti niyo meza kuko yorohereye mo imbere. Nanone kandi, aya makereti ashobora kongera gukoreshwa kandi ashobora gukoreshwa imyaka hafi icumi. Mu gukoresha aya makereti, ni ngombwa kurinda umusaruro kwangirika kugaragara kwaturuka ku gukubanaho. Ibi bisaba ikoreshwa ry’ udushashi duto twa pulasitiki mu kugabanya iyangirika.

Mu gukoresha amakeretsi ya pulasitiki nk’ ibipakirwamo, ibi bikurikira bigomba kwitabwaho:

1. Isuku – amakereti ya pulasitiki agomba gusukurwa neza hakoreshejwe isabuni maze agasukurwa yinitswe mu muti usukura nka ipokororite ya sodiyumu mu kugabanya umuzigo wa za mikorobe ku makereti.
2. Handling – handle with care during loading, stacking and unloading; do not drop. Do not use as seats when sorting.

Gufata – zifatane ubwitonzi mu gupakira, kugerekeranya no gupakurura; wiziterera, wizicaraho mu gihe cyo kurobanura.

1. Guhunika – hunika ahantu hasukuye hazirinda udusimba n’ imbeba byatura mu makereti cyangwa ahahunikwa. Hunika amakereti atandukanye n’ ibinyabutabire n’ imashini zo mu murima mu kwirinda ko yahumanywa. Amakereti ntagomba gushyirwa hanze kuko yahita yangirika. Wiyakoresha nk’ ubuhunikiro cyangwa igitwaramo ibinyabutabire (amafumbire n’ imiti yica udukoko)

4.2.5 Ubwikorezi

Kugirango shufureri zigere aho zijyanywe zikimeze neza kandi zigifite ubusugire bwazo ubwikorezi bukwiye bugomba kuba aribwo bukoreshwa. Kugirango shufureri zitwarwe neza, ibi bikurikira bigomba kwitabwaho bikagenzurwa:

1. Mu gupakira no gupakurura, ibipakiwemo bigomba gufatanya ubwitonzi. Irinde kubijugunyanaho.
2. Ikipe y’ ubwikorezi igomba kwirinda kwicara ku bipakiwemo shufureri mu gihe cy’ ubwikorezi.
3. Irinde guhagaraga ku bipakiwemo wabanje hasi ushaka gupakira ibyo hejuru cyane cyane niba ibipakiwemo bikozwe mu ipamba cyangwa bigira ubusugire buke.
4. Mu rugendo, ibyo utwaye bye kugerwaho n’ urumuri rw’ izuba.
5. Tuma umwuka utambuka hagati y’ ibika cyangwa ibirundo – siga imyanya mito hagati y’ ibirundo.
6. Gabanya ubukererwe cyangwa woroshye uguhererekanya umusaruro upakiwe uva mu gice kimwe cy’ isoko ujya mu kindi; utugorofani tw’ amapine ane twagabanya iyangirika mu gupakurura no guhererekanya umusaruro upakiwe mu makereti ya pulasitiki.
7. Koresha buri gihe imodoka z’ ubwikorezi zisukuye mu kwirinda ko ubuziranenge bw’ umusaruro bwagabanuka – ibisigazwa by’ imboga zari zatwawemo byateza ukubora guteye ubwoba. Genzura buri gihe; udusimba n’ imbeba byatura mu modoka; imodoka ntigomba kubikwamo ibikoreshwa mu murima n’ ibinyabutabire nk’ amafumbire

4.3  Kubungabunga binyuze mu kuvanamo amazi (kuvanamo amazi binyuze mu kumutsa cyangwa gushyira mu munyu)

Nyuma yo gusarura shufureri mu murima, umusaruro usukurwa hakoreshejwe amazi y’ umunyu 2% mu gukuraho imiti yica udukoko yaba yafashe ku buso. Shufureri zihita zishyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe ingano zazo n’ ugukomera kw’ imitwe. Shufureri zashyizwe mu byiciro zigabanyirizwa ingano hakoreshejwe icyuma cyangwa ikindi gikoresho kigabanya ingano nk’ akuma gakata. Shufureri zagabanyanyirijwe ingano zihita zumishwa ku zuba cyangwa zigashyirwa mu munyu. Ibi birimo kuvanamo amazi bityo bikagabanya iyangirika kubera utunyabuzima duto, igabanyuka ry’ ibikorwa bisaba amazi n’ igabanyuka ry’ ikora ry’ imisemburo. Gushyira imboga mu munyu nabyo bivuze kongera umunyu muke muri shufureri mu kwihutisha urugendo rwo gutakaza amazi mbere yo kuzumisha.

Ishusho 4: Ifu ya shufureri zumishijwe zigasebwa

(Isoko: Google Images, 2020)

 

 

 5. Ikoranabuhanga ryongera agaciro

5.1 Ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya shufureri

Umutekano mu by’ ibiribwa n’ imirire ni ikibazo cy’ ingenzi mu bihugu byo hafi ya koma y’ isi. Ibiribwa bisaruwe bikeneye kurindwa iyangirika ry’ umusaruro. Intambwe ntoya zishobora gukorwa mu kongerera shufureri agaciro ni tekiniki zoroheje zigezweho nko kweza, guteka, gufunga mu mikeba no kuvanamo amazi ko kweza.

Hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’ abaturage n’ impinduka zikomeye mu mibereho y’ abantu, harushaho gukenerwa ibiribwa byahita biribwa cyangwa bivuye mu nganda. Abaguzi kandi barashaka ibiribwa bifite intungamubiri nyinshi kandi ibi byatumye habaho iyongeragaciro rya shufurero binyuze mu kuzivanga n’ ibindi biryohera mu kongera ukuribwa. Ni ngombwa rero kureba kuri tekiniki zimwe na zimwe zo gutunganya.

5. Kuvanamo amazi/kumisha shufureri mo ifu

Imboga za shufureri zangirika vuba kubera zifitemo amazi menshi bityo zikeneye kwitabwaho neza nyuma yo gusarurwa mu guharanira ko ziboneka igihe kiruseho ngo zikoreshwe. Inzira yo kumisha irimo ugukura amazi mu mboga. Ku bahinzi bafite ubutaka buto, ibi bishobora gukorwa binyuze mu kumisha ku zuba ariko hitabwa cyane ku isuku mu kuzirinda kwanduzwa. Abahinzi bafite ubutaka bunini bashobora kumisha bakoresheje imirasire y’ izuba cyangwa ifuru bavanamo ayo mazi. Shufureri zumishijwe zishobora gusebwa mo ifu zigafatanywa n’ ibindi bicuruzwa mu kuzongerera intungamubiri n’ ubuziranenge mu byo kuribwa. Shufureri zumishijwe zoshobora gusimbura ibinure by’ inyamaswa mu masozi y’ inyama z’ inka mu gihe igice cy’ amababi y’ icyatsi cyumishijwe gishobora gushyirwa mu mafu y’ amasupu na za potaje/igikoma. Ibikamurwa mu bisigazwa bya shufureri bigaragaza ukurwanya cyane ibitera kanseri, ubushobozi bwo guhindura ubutare n’ ubushobozi bwo kubuza gutwika ibinure.

Kugira ibicuruzwa bitandukanye bikomoka ku mboga bigamije koherezwa mu mahanga no kuribwa imbere mu gihugu bigabanya ibyago by’ iyangirika ry’ umusaruro bitewe no kugwa kw’ igiciro. Gutunganya imboga ku kigero cyo hasi bifasha mu kubungabunga ubuziranenge bwazo mu by’ intungamubiri.

Ishusho 5 Shufureri zumishijwe ku zuba zigiye gusebwa

5.3 Kweza

Kweza ni ukwita ku mboga ukoresheje ubushuhe mu gihe gito bifasha mu guhagarika ubwiyongere bw’ imirimo y’ imisemburo nyuma yo gusarura. Bigira kandi izindi nyungu zirimo: kugabanya itakara ry’ icyanga n’ ibara kimwe no kubungabunga imiterere ya shufureri. Intambwe zikurikira zishobora gukurikizwa mu kweza mbere yo guhunika imboga muri firigo.

1. Oza, ukuremo amazi, robanura, kata imboga
2. Shyira imboga mu gikoresho cyabugenenwe (agaseke k’ insinga, uruhago rw’ urushundura rukomeye cyangwa ikizifata gikozwe mu cyuma gipfumaguritse) maze umanure mu mazi ari kubira

cyangwa;

Weze ukoresheje umwuka w’ amazi ari kubira: biza cm2.48-4.96 z’ amazi mu nkono, yabize maze ushire igika kimwe cy’ imboga mu giseke.

1. Pfundikira. Tangira kubara igihe cyo kweza mazi agitangira kubira

cyangwa;

Niba uri kweza ukoresheje umwuka w’ amazi ari kubira, tangira kubara ako kanya.

1. Gumisha ubushyuhe ku kigero cyo hejuru mu gihe cyagaragajwe mu mabwiriza.
2. Hita ukonjesha mu mazi y’ urubura cyangwa amazi akonje (dogere 60F cyangwa munsi yazo) igihe kingana n’ icyo wakoresheje weza. Koroga neza imboga mu gihe cyo gukonjesha.
3. Kuramo amazi yose.

Pakira izo mboga ukoresheje ugupakira byumutse cyangwa gupakira mu itereyi. Gupakira byumutse bivuze gupakira shufureri zicucitse mu byo zipakirwamo cyangwa impago zikonjesha. Kanda umwuka usohoke maze ufunge neza. Gupakira mu itreyi bivuze gushyira igika kimwe cy’ imboga ku ipanu yoroshye maze ugashyira iyo panu muri firigo. Shufureri zigikonja, zishyire mu gahago gahindura urubura cyanga icyo zipakirwamo. Kanda umwuka usohoke maze ufunge neza.

7. Konjesha izo shufureri kuko imboga zikonjeshejwe zishobora kugumana ubuziranenge bwo hejuru mu mezi 8 kugera kuri 12 kuri dogere F zero cyangwa munsi yazo.

5.4 Guteka

Uku ni ukuvura ukoresheje ubushyuhe shufureri zo kuribwa. Bitewe n’ ubuziranenge bwifuzwa na buri wese cyangwa ifunguro, ushobora guteka ukoresheje umwuka w’ amazi abira, kubiriza cyangwa gukora isosi ya shufureri.

 

5.4. Shufureri zatetswe mu mwuka w’ amazi abira

Nyuma yo gusarura cyangwa kugura shufureri, zirasukurwa hanyuma ingano yazo ikagabanywa. Shufureri zagabanyirijwe ingano zishobora gutekwa mu mwuka w’ amazi abira mu kuziryoshya. (guteka mu mwuka w’ amazi abira ni uburyo bwo guteka)

5.4.2 Shufureri zokeje zahinduwe ikigina

Shufureri zogejwe neza zigabanyirizwa ingano cyangwa zigakurwaho amababi y’ inyuma. Shufureri zihita zotswa mu isukari (kugirango zihindurwe ikigina) bifasha mu kwiyongera kw’ icyanga. Ibi bituma shufureri zihinduka ikigina zikaryoha nk’ uko byagaragajwe mu ishusho 6.

Ishusho 6: Shufureri zokeje

(Google, 2020)

5.5 Gufunga mu bikombe

Gufunga mu bikombe hakoreshejwe imbaraga nibwo buryo bwonyine bwizewe bwo gufunga imboga mu bikombe bikorewe mu rugo. Imboga ni ibiribwa bigira aside nkeya bigomba gushyirwa mu bikombe hakoreshejwe imbaraga zikwiriye ngo hizerwe umutekano wazo. Indwara zikomoka ku biribwa mbi cyane zishobora kubaho iyo ibiribwa bigira aside nkeya bitabungabunzwe neza. Clostridium botulinum niyo bagiteri itera uburozi bwa botulism mu biribwa bigira aside nkeya nk’ imboga. Mu mboga n’ inyama, iyi bagiteri ivubura ivumbi rishobora kwicwa gusa n’ ubushyuhe bugera kuri ⁰F 240 mu gihe nyacyo mu gafunga mu mikeba gakoresha imbaraga.

6.    Iriburiro ku guharanira ubuziranenge bw’ igicuruzwa

6.1 Iriburiro

Kugirango ubucuruzi burusheho kugenda neza no kugera ku ntego, haba ku rwego rw’ igihugu cyangwa ku rwego mpuzamahanga, ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge bw’ ibiribwa bifasha nk’ imwe mu nyandiko zigena ibikwiriye gucuruzwa. Impande zirebwa n’ umurongo w’ imikorere y’ ikigo gishyiraho ibyo bipimo akenshi zishyiraho ayo mabwiriza. Ayo mabwiriza akenshi ashyirwaho ku bushake kandi ashingiye ku byemejwe n’ abenshi mu mpande bireba. Ariko rero, iyo amabwiriza ashyizweho, icyo gihe ahinduka itegeko kuri izo mpande mu guharanira ko ibicuruzwa byazo byubahiriza ayo mabwiriza yashyizweho. Gushyiraho ibipimo by ’ ubuziranenge bigizwe n’ uruhererekane rwo kurema, gushyiraho no gushyira mu bikorwa amabwiriza. Ayo mabwiriza arinda umuguzi kandi akanatuma habaho ibisabwa byagaragajwe neza abatunganya ibicuruzwa n’ abacuruzi bagomba kuzuza.

 Ishusho 7: Ikirango cy’ ikigo cy’ igihugu gitsura ubuziranenge

( Isoko: Google, 2020)

6.2 Iby’ ibanze biranga ishyirwaho ry’ amabwiriza/ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge

Ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge bigira uruhare rukomeye mu koroshya ubucuruzi. Ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge ashyirwaho ku bushake ashobora kuboha mu buryo bw’ amategeko kandi agakoreshwa nk’ ishingiro ry’ amasezerano hagati y’ abatunganya ibicuruzwa n’ abaguzi. Ibyo bipimo by’ ubuziranenge bigomba kugaragaza neza buri gisabwa kandi ibisabwa bikaba byapimwa mu buryo bworoshye hatabayeho kubogama. Mu buhinzi no mu nganda z’ ibiribwa, iby’ ingenzi byitabwaho mu gushyiraho ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge ni:

1. Amagambo akoreshwa –ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge bigomba kwandikwa mu rurimi rwumvwa n’ impande zose.

(AffirmX, 2020)

 

UMUPAKA W’ URURIMI

Ishusho 8 Ikimenyetso kigaragaza ‘nta mupaka w’ ururimi mu gutegura ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge’ ( Isoko: AffirmX.com, 2020)

 

1. Uburyo bwo gusuzuma ibyitegererezo (ishantiyo) – uburyo bwo guhitamo ibyitegererezo bugomba kuba buboneye, busuzuma ubuziranenge, uguharanira ubuziranenge, kugenzura ubuziranenge n’ imicungire hitabwa ku mpinduka zitera ingaruka.
2. Kugaragaza igicuruzwa no kubishyira mu byiciro – amabwiriza arebana n’ ibiribwa agomba kugaragaza neza ibyihariye kuri buri kigize icyo kiribwa. Ingano ntarengwa zigomba gushyirwaho neza kandi zikagaragazwa neza mu byiciro.
3. N’ ibisabwa mu gukora ku bicuruzwa, ubwikorezi no guhunika – ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge ku biribwa bigomba kugaragaza ibipakirwamo ibiribwa runaka. Uko ahabera ukubikoraho, ubwikorezi no guhunika hagomba kuba hameze kimwe n’ igihe igicuruzwa kigomba kumara mbere yo kwangirika  (Tata Motors, 2020).

Ishusho 9: Imodoka igabanyijemo ibice neza yo kwikorera imboga

(Isoko: Tata Motors, 2020)

6.3 Umutekano w’ ibiribwa n’ ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge bikurikizwa.

Umutekano w’ ibiribwa usobanuye inzira zose ibiribwa binyuzwamo mu guharanira ko bitazatera ingaruka mbi ku muguzi wa nyuma igihe byafashwe kandi bigategurwa uko bigomba. Umutekano w’ ibiribwa rero ugira uruhare rw’ ingenzi mu ruhererekane ngenagaciro guhera mu murima kugera ku ikanya.

Hariho amoko anyuranye y’ ibipimo bigenga iby’ umutekano w’ ibiribwa harimo: amabwiriza mu by’ imibare (agena ingano ntarengwa z’ ibigize cyangwa ikigera cyemewe cya buri kiri mu biribwa); amabwiriza agenga imikorere (iyi ni imirongo migari ku buryo ibiribwa bigomba gukorwaho mu ruhererekane ngenagaciro; amabwiriza y’ imikorere agenewe cyane cyane uburyo bw’ imicungire).

ibipimo by’ umutekano w’ ibiribwa akoreshwa mu ruhererekane ngenagaciro rwa shufureri arimo ariko ntagarukira kuri:

 

• HACCP – aya ni amabwiriza agenga imikorere agenga cyane cyane abita ku biribwa akabafasha mu gukurikirana buri cyiciro/umurimo ibiribwa bigezemo. Ibi bikorwa mu rwego rwo gutahura ibyago bishobora kuba biri muri shufureri no gushyiraho ah’ ingenzi ho kubirwanyiriza igihe byaramuka bibonetse.
• Imitunganyirize myiza – imitunganyirize myiza nayo igenga abatunganya ku bisabwa by’ ibanze n’ ibyitezwe Ku bigo bitunganya ibiribwa mu guharanira ko ibiribwa bitunganywa biba byujuje ubuziranenge.
• Ibipimo bya ISO – ni ibipimo mpuzamahanga bikoreshwa mu kwemeza abatunganya ibikomoka ku buhinzi n’ ibindi bigo. Hariho impererekane zagaragajwe neza na ISO kuri buri tsinda ry’ amoko y’ imiryango.

6.4 Iby’ ibanze biranga igipimo cy’ ubuziranenge

Amahame rusange areba ibiri mu gipimo cy’ ubuziranenge agomba kuba arimo:

6.4.1 Uburyo bwo gusuzuma buri kimwe gisabwa

Igipimo kiboneye kigomba kugaragaza neza uko buri gisabwa kizasuzumwa, nk’ urugero, niba ubuhehere bw’ ikiribwa bugomba kuba buri munsi ya 14%, nk’ uko biri ku binyampeke byinshi, igipimo kiboneye kigomba kugaragaza uburyo bwo kwerekana ubuhehere, akenshi ni inzira za AOAC.

6.4.2 Kwirinda isubiramo

A standard should be singular and non-repetitive. The standard should be clearly stated and any concerns of ambiguity or repetitiveness avoided. The standard should have one way to interpret.

Amabwiriza agomba kuba ari amwe kandi atisubiramo. Amawbiriza agomba kugaragazwa neza kandi ahashobora guturuka akavuyo cyangwa ukwisubiramo bikirindwa. Amabwiriza agomba kugira uburyo bumwe yasobanurwa.

6.4. Ubundi buryo bwo gusuzuma

A good standard should give more than one option to determine each required element. For instance, a good standard can give more than one option for weight determination of a product. This can enable the parties involved to be flexible and use cost effective and readily available items to determine each requirement.

Igipimo cy’ ubuziranenge kiboneye kigomba gutanga uburyo burenze bumwe bwo kugaragaza buri ikigize ibisabwa. Nk’ urugero, Igipimo cy’ ubuziranenge kiboneye gishobora gutanga uburyo burenze bumwe bwo kugaragaza uburemere bw’ igicuruzwa. Ibi bishobora gufasha Impande bireba koroherana no gukoresha ibidahenze kandi biboneka vuba mu gupima buri gisabwa.

6.4.4 Ibigomba gutangazwa n’ ukora igicuruzwa

Igipimo cy’ ubuziranenge kiboneye kigomba kugaragaza ibisabwa bigomba gutangazwa n’ uwakoze igicuruzwa. Ibi bizafasha mu rugendo rwo kugenzura igicuruzwa. Wahita ugenzura ikigero cy’ ibisabwa ukurikije ibipimo kandi ukanagenzura ko gihuje n’ icyatangajwe n’ uwagikoze.

6.4.5 Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ amahame y’ ibanze y’ ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge

Igipimo cy’ ubuziranenge kiboneye kigomba kugaragaza mu buryo busobanutse uko azashyirwa mu bikorwa n’ ibisabwa. Ibi bigomba kugaragazwa neza mu rurimi abafatanyabikorwa bose bumva kimwe no kugira ubusobanuro bumwe. Hagomba kwirindwa gukoresha ibinyazina ndafutura.

Birakenewe kurasa ku ijambo.

6.4.6 Kwirinda gusubiramo

Urujijo  mu gutegura ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge  ntirwihanganirwa. Gusubiramo bigomba kwirindwa mu gutegura ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge. Ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge   bigomba kwandikwa mu buryo busobanutse.

6.4.7 Kwifashisha ibindi ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge 

Hariho  ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge   mpuzamahanga byashyizweho n’ imiryango nka CODEX kimwe n’ ikigo cy’ igihugu gitsura ubuziranenge. Mu kuvuga ibyavuzwe muri ibyo bipimo by’ ubuziranenge  ni ngombwa kugaragaza ikigo cyatangaje ibyo bipimo by’ ubuziranenge.

6.5 Akamaro k’ ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge mu ruhererekane ngenagaciro rwa shufureri

ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge bw’ ibiribwa ashyirirwaho:

I.Kugera ku mutekano n’ ubwizerwe bw’ ibiribwa mu ruhererekane ngenagaciro rwa shufureri.

II.Kugabanya ikiguzi cya shufureri no koroshya kuzigeraho.

III.Kuzamura ubucuruzi bw’ imbere mu gihugu na mpuzamahanga (koroshya ubucuruzi) bw’ icyo gihingwa.

IV.Gushyiraho ishingiro ry’ ubwumvikane hagati y’ impande zitandukanye mu ruhererekane rwa shufureri

V.Koroshya itumanaho, ibipimo, ubucuruzi n’ itunganya

7. Ugukurikirana igicuruzwa

7.1 Iriburiro

Uburyo bwiza kandi bugera ku ntego bwo kugarura igicuruzwa burakenewe mu guharanira iyubahirizwa ryuzuye ry’ ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge mpuzamahanga by’ ubuziranenge bw’ ibiribwa n’ ay’ imbere mu gihugu. Gutera imbere n’ ubucuruzi bwa shufureri n’ ibiyikomokaho bikeneye ikurikiranwa ry’ ibicuruzwa. Ubushobozi bw’ ubucuruzi cyangwa ifamu bwo gukurikirana ingendo z’ ibicuruzwa by’ ibicuruzwa binyuranye (ibikoreshwa by’ ibanze, imbumbe z’ ibiribwa n’ ibicuruzwa byatunganyijwe) mu ruhererekane ngenagaciro rwose (guhera mu murima kugera ku ikanya) burakenewe cyane kuko butuma abaguzi bafashwa mu buryo bwiza. Inzira nziza y’ igicuruzwa itanga izi nyungu zikurikira.

7.1.1 Umutekano w’ ibiribwa

Ugukurikirana ibiribwa bituma ubasha gukurikirana ibikoreshwa by’ ibanze ni ukuvuga shufureri zivuye ku uzigemura kugera ku gicuruzwa gitunganyijwe. Ugukurikirana rero bituma itunganywa ry’ ibiribwa rikurikiza bikomeye inzira za HACCP nk’ uko bigenwa ku bicuruzwa byihariye. Hamwe n’ ubumenyi bw’ ibyakoreshejwe mu gutunganya igicuruzwa runaka byose, n’ aho ibikoreshwa by’ ibanze byaturutse, ugukurikirana gutuma habaho umutekano w’ ibiribwa. Abaguri bitabwaho mu bijyanye n’ ibyo barya n’ isoko yabyo. Ugukurikirana gutuma utunganya ashobora kumenya neza umuguzi wariye icyo ikiribwa bityo akabasha gushyiraho inzira yoroshye yo kugaruza  igicuruzwa.

ishusho 10 :  Icyapa/ishusho y’ umutekano w’ ibiribwa

(Isoko: Public Health notes.com, 2020)

7.1.2  Kumenya neza aho ibicuruzwa by’ ibiribwa biherereye mu gihe runaka.

Ugukurikirana kandi kurimo kumenya neza aho icyiciro (batch) runaka giherereye ndetse n’ ibyagikoreshejwemo. Ubushobozi bwo gukurikirana ibicuruzwa kuri buri cyiciro cy’ uruhererekane ngenagaciro butuma habaho gahunda nziza yo kugarura igicuruzwa. Bigira kandi akamaro haba kuri kompanyi no ku baguzi. N’ ubwo bwose ku rwego rw’ igihugu hatabaho ugukurikirana igicuruzwa bidakorwa cyane mu mpererekane ngenagaciro ugereranyije n’ isoko mpuzamahanga risaba inzira nziza zo gukurikirana igicuruzwa.

7.1.3 Koroshya ibikorwa by’ ikosora

Ubumenyi bw’aho icyiciro runaka giherereye, bituma habaho gahunda zo kugarura igicuruzwa cyangwa ibikorwa byo gukosora mu gihe ikibazo kivutse.

 

7.1.4 Kubahiriza amabwiriza

Ikoranabuhanga ricunga ikurikiranwa ryizewe kandi rishobora kugenzurwa ni ingenzi kuko rituma igicuruzwa cyuzuza ibisabwa n’ amategeko bishya kimwe n’ ibisabwa n’ amabwiriza y’ imiryango mpuzamahanga yita ku mutekano w’ ibiribwa.

7.2 Ibigize uburyo bw’ ikurikirana

Hariho iby’ ibanze bitatu bigize uburyo bw’ ikurikirana:

1. Uburyo bwo kumenya ibigize igicuruzwa gikurikiranwa – bivuze guhitamo ubwoko bwa kodi ikimenyekanisha n’ imiterere yayo.
2. Uburyo bwo gutanga amakuru ku impinduka – uruhererekane rw’ igemura ry’ ibicuruzwa rurimo ingendo z’ ibikoresho biva ku murima bijya ku meza rufite urukurikirane rw’ impinduka (impinduka z’ ishusho y’ igicuruzwa kiva mu cyiciro kimwe kijya mu gicuruzwa cyongerewe agaciro gikurikiraho). Birakenewe rero kwandika izi mpinduka, bityo kugirango ugire inzira nziza z’ ikurikirana, hagomba kubaho uburyo bwizewe bwo kwandika impinduka.
3. Uburyo bwo gufata amakuru aranga ibigize igicuruzwa gikurikiranwa – nyuma yo kumenya ibirnga igicuruzwa gikurikiranwa, ikindi kigize inzira y’ ikurikirana ni ugushyiraho ibifata amakuru bihagije ku byiciro by’ izo mpinduka.

7.3 Imbogamizi ku ikurikiranwa ry’ ibiribwa

Mu guharanira kugira gahunda y’ ikurikirana rinoze, cyane cyane ku bigo bitoya, hari imbogamizi nyinshi uba ugomba guhangana nazo. Ikiguzi cyo kuyishyiraho kiri hejru kimwe no kugira ikoranabuhanga rikora neza nabyo bisaba tekiniki. Bityo, mu gushyiraho gahunda ikora y’ ikurikirana, ikigo cyangwa umuntu ku giti cye agomba kurenga izi mbogamizi zikurikira:

i.Ikiguzi cy’ ibungabunga gihanitse – ikiguzi cyo gushyira mu mwanya no kubungabunga gishobora kuba hejuru.

ii.Gusesengura amakuru biragorana kandi bigatwara umwanya – birakenewe gushaka itsinda ry’ abafite inararibonye mu gusesengura amakuru. Ibi bitwara umwanya munini, bityo n’ amafaranga.

iii.Ubwiyongere bw’ amakuru asabwa n’ abaguzi - Abaguzi basigaye basaba kumenya amakuru ku byo bari kurya n’ aho ibikoreshwa by’ ibanze byaturutse, hari ibisigazwa by’ ibinyabutabire, ese itunganya ribera hafi y’ ikigo cyangwa harimo uduce tw’ ibyuma biremereye? Hamwe n’ ubumenyi bw’ abaguzi bwiyongereye n’ ugukenera kumenya niba imboga zarahinzwe hakoreshejwe ibinyabutabire cyangwa bitarakoreshejwe, cyangwa niba ibikoreshwa by’ ibanze by’ igicuruzwa byarabonetse mu nzira zifututse.

iv.Amategeko akaze – amategeko arasobanutse neza ku kuba ari ngombwa kubahiriza amabwiriza mpuzamahanga n’ ay’ imbere mu gihugu. Gukurikirana igicuruzwa bituma igicuruzwa kigenzurwa mu ruhererekane ngenagaciro rwose mu gushaka gutahura isoko yose y’ uguhumanywa.

Ibigenderwaho ku ikurikirana ry’ ibicuruzwa rikora neza

• Inyandiko zitari zo – ugukurikirana kwiza kugomba kugira amakuru yose akenewe arimo ariko atagarukira ku; amakuru y’ amasezerano y’ impande zose zigira uruhare mu ruhererekane rw’ igemura. Urutonde rw’ ibicuruzwa by’ ibiribwa n’ uwabitanze, urutonde rw’ ibigaragaza ibicuruzwa, ukugaragaza ibyiciro (batch) mu koroshya ikurikiranwa. Ibikoreshwa by’ ibanze na kode zibiranga, amatariki n’ ibirango bigomba gufatwa neza. Ahatunganyirizwa n’ ahahunikwa. Ibipakirwamo n’ ubitwara n’ ihererekanywa ryabyo bigomba kugaragazwa neza.
  • kudakurikirana neza no kudacunga neza  – ikoranabuhanga ryizewe rigomba gukoreshwa mu gukurikirana ibikoreshwa by’ ibanze kugera ku gicuruzwa cya nyuma.
  • Kuba witeguye gutanga ibisubizo – gahunda nziza y’ inzira y’ ikurikirana ishyiraho uburyo butuma igisubizo gitangirwa igihe mu gihe haba habaye ihumana ry’ ibiribwa.

8. kubungabunga n’ imikoreshereze y’ ibikoresho

8.1 Iriburiro

Machines or equipment need to be periodically maintained to ensure longer machine service years as well as increased efficiency and reduced machine downtime.  Preventive maintenance refers to regularly performed on a piece of equipment to lessen the likelihood of it failing. The maintenance is formed on a working equipment to minimize the likelihood of failure.  Preventive maintenance serves to benefit through lowering maintenance costs, reducing equipment downtime, improving asset lifespan & efficiency and work place safety.

Imashini cyangwa ibikoresho bigomba guhora bibungabungwa mu gihe runaka kugirango birambe no kugirango imikorere yabyo yiyongere kandi igihe imashini imara ipfuye kigabanuke. Ukubungabunga gukumira kuvuze ukubungabunga guhora gukorwa ku gikoresho ngo hagabanywe ibyago by’ uko cyananirwa gukora. Uku kubungabunga gukorwa ku gikoresho kiri gukora mu kugabanya ibyago by’ uko cyapfa. Ukubungabunga kurinda byungura binyuze mu kugabanya ibiguzi, kugabanya igihe igikoresho kimara kidakora, kongera igihe igikoresho kimara gikora neza n’ umutekano w’ ahakorerwa.

Ishusho 11 : Imikorere myiza yo kubungabunga ibikoresho

(Isoko: Blog.ezofficeinventory.com, 2020)

 

Hariho amoko arindwi y’ ibungabunga rikumira:

8.1.1 Ibungabunga rishingiye ku gihe

Bisobanuye ugusimbuza ibice mu gihe runaka. Inshuro zo kubungabunga mu gihe runaka akenshi ziba zikurikije uko zateganyijwe n’ uwakoze igikoresho cyangwa ubunararibonye bwo mu gihe cyatambutse.

8.1.2 Ibungabunga riteganya

ibi cyane cyane ni ukubungabunga kwateganyijwe. Kurimo kugaragaza igihe igice cy’ igikoresho gishobora kunanirwa gukora no kubikemura mbere y’ uko bibaho. Bifasha mu kugabanya igihe igikoresho kizamara kidakora. Ubu buryo kandi bufasha gutegura imirimo y’ ibungabunga bishingiye ku bumenyi ku buzima bw’ ibikoresho muri rusange n’ imikorere iteganyijwe. Ubu bunararibonye buboneka binyuze mu gukusanya no gusuzuma amakuru.

8.1.3  Ibungabunga rikemura ibibazo

Mu gihe ibungabunga rikumira rikorwa uko ryateguwe hakagaragara ikibazo, ikibazo kigomba gukemurwa byihuse hatabayeho gutanga ibwiriza ry’ imirimo rishya. Bityo, ni imirimo yo gukosora ikorerwa aho ikibazo cyabereye cyangwa ku ruhande.

8.1.4 Ibungabunga ryategetswe

ibi bijya gusa no  kubungabunga gukumira kuko bitanga ibisubizo bya nyuma bisa mu guteganya. Ariko rero, byifashisha isuzuma riruseho, kwiga imashini n’ ubwenge bw’ ubukorano mu gutanga ubumenyi mu guteganya ibungabunga n’ igihe cyo kubikora.

8.1.5 Ikurikirana rishingiye ku byago

Ibi bikorwa ku gikoresho hagamijwe kugabanya iyangirika mu mikorere hagenzurwa urugero rw’ ibyago bijyanye n’ igikoresho maze hakibandwa ku mirimo y’ ibungabunga.

8.1.6 Kubungabunga bishingiye k’ uko ibintu byifashe

Ni ugukurikirana  uko igikoresho cyifashe cyangwa imashini mu kugena ubwoko bw’ ibungabunga bukenewe n’ igihe cyo kurikora. Iby’ ingenzi byo kwitabwaho mu kugenzura uko ibintu bimeze ni: ibigaragara, uduce twavuye ku gucika, ubushyuhe n’ ijwi.

8.1.7  Ibungabunga ritahura ikibazo

ibi bikunze gukorwa igihe icyo ari cyo cyose kugirango hagenzurwe niba igice  cyangwa igikoresho  cyose kikiri gukora neza. Bishobora kwitwa kubungabunga gushingiye ku bugenzuzi. Ubu buryo bw’ igenzura bukoresha ubupfu bwihishe budashobora kubonwa binyuze mu isuzuma  

8.2 Benefits of Preventive Maintenance Akamaro ko kubungabunga gukumira

i.Bigabanya igihe ubucuruzi cyangwa imirimo yo mu murima imara idakorwa no gukinga biturutse ku kunanirwa gukora kw’ ibikoresho.

ii.Byongera igihe igikoresho gishobora kumara.

iii.Bituma abakozi bakora gusa mu gihe cyateganyijwe (bigabanya inyishyu yo gukora amasaha y’ umurengera)

iv.Bigabanya mu buryo bugaragara ibyago bijyanye n’ umutekano haba ku bakozi n’ abaguzi.

v.Bitwara ingufu nkeya maze bikagabanya ibyishyurwa.

8.3 Imbogamizi z’ ibungabunga rikumira

i.Imbogamizi z’ ingengo y’ imari n’ ibyo kwitabwaho – bishobora gukenera igice kigaragara cy’ ingengo y’ imari

ii.Gutegura n’ isuzuma bitwara igihe

iii.Iyi mirimo yongera igihe cy’ abakozi n’ umutungo

iv.Ibungabunga rikumira ryica (ryinshi kandi ridakenewe) rishobora kubaho

v.Bisaba gutegura no kwitanga cyane.

9. Umwanzuro

Ni ngombwa kongera umusaruro kuri hegitari w’ imboga, n’imbuto mu Rwanda hagamijwe kuribwa imbere mu gihugu n’ ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga. Intambwe z’ ingenzi mu guharanira kongera umusaruro wa shufureri kuri hegitari ni ukugira uburyo bwuzuye bw’ uruhererekane ngenagaciro rw’ itunganywa rya shufureri. Ubumenyi mu bya tekiniki n’ ubumenyingiro bufitwe n’ ibigo by’ ubushakashatsi bugomba gusangizwa ingo z’ abahinzi mu buryo bworoshye. Iyi mfashanyigisho izafasha mu guhugura abahinzi ba shufureri ku kongera umusaruro uvakuri hegitari. Mu kongera umusaruro wa shufureri uturuka kuri hegitari kugera ku kigero cyatuma abahinzi bohereza umusaruro wabo hanze y’ igihugu, ibi bikurikira bigomba kwitabwaho:

I.Gukora ikarita igaragaza aho abahinzi ba shufureri baherereye mu bice bitandukanyije imiterere y’ ikirere no kubagezaho imbuto zitandukanye zera neza muri ibyo bice.

II.Gukangurira abahinzi kwitabira ubuhinzi bwa shufureri nk’ uburyo bushya bw’ ubucuruzi. Ibi buvuze kubafasha kureba isoko mpuzamahanga kimwe n’ amasoko y’ imbere mu gihugu mu kuzamura ibyo binjiza.

III.Kwigisha abahinzi ku bipimo by’ ubuziranenge n’ ibigenzurwa bigenga itunganya n’ ubucuruzi bwa shufureri.

IV.Guverinoma y’ u Rwanda ikwiriye kohereza igice gikwiye cy’ ingengo y’ imari ishyirwa mu buhinzi mu kuzamura ubuhinzi bwa shufureri.

V.Guha abahinzi ikoranabuhanga ryoroshye ry’ iyongeragaciro kimwe n’ ibikurikizwa mu mikorere mu guharanira ko umusaruro wabo uba wujuje ibisabwa mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga.

 

 

 

10. Amashakiro

AffirmX. (2020, November 30). Battling the Language Barrier. Retrieved from Affirmx.com: https://www.affirmx.com/2016/03/21/battling-language-barrier/

Cartercenter. (2020, November 30). The Carter Center. Retrieved from Trachoma Health Education Materials Library: Flip Charts: https://www.cartercenter.org/health/trachoma_education/flipcharts.html

Tata Motors. (2020, November 30). Fruit and Vegetable Van gallery. Retrieved from Tatamotors: https://www.tatamotors.co.tz/product/applications/distribution/fruit-and-vegetable-van/