AMAHUGURWA KU GUFATA NEZA UMUSARURO WA SHUFURERI

1.0 Iriburiro

Iyi nyigisho izakoreshwa mu guhugura abakozi bakorana n’ abahinzi nabo bakazahugura abahinzi (amahugurwa y’ abahugura). Ibyiciro byombi by’ amahugurwa bizakorwa mu buryo bw’ ibiganiro kandi ingero zifatika zizakoreshwa herekanwa ibyo bahugurwaho. Kugirango hashobore gushyirwa mu bikorwa ibyo duhugurwamo, amahugurwa azabera hafi y’ umurima. Igihe bidashoboka, abahugurwa bazasura umurima mu gihe isarura no gufata neza umusarura bizaba birimo bikorwa.

Kwangirika mu buryo bw’ ingano no mu buryo bw’ ubuziranenge bibaho ku musaruro w’ imboga, indabo n’ imbuto hagati y’ isarura no gukoreshwa kw’ umusaruro. Gutakaza ubuziranenge nk’ ibijyanye no kuribwa, ubuziranenge mu ntungamubiri, ingano y’ ibitera imbaraga n’ ukwemerwa n’ umuguzi k’ umusaruro mubisi, nibyo bigoye kubisuzuma kurusha kwangirika  bijyanye n’ ingano.

Iyi nyigisho rero igamije gufasha abahinzi b’ imboga, indabo n’ imbuto bafite ubutaka buto kugera kuri ibi bikurikira:

  1. Kunguka ubumenyi ku no kubasha kumenya umutwe wa shufureri ukuze wo gusarura.
  2. Kunguka ubumenyi no kubasha gushyira mu ngiro ugusarura shufureri.
  1. Kongera inyungu umuhinzi abasha kubona binyuze mu imenyekanishabikorwa ry’ umusaruro w’ imboga, indabo n’ imbuto hagabanywa ibihombo.

2.0  Ibyo kwitabwaho mbere yo gusarura

Shufureri ibarirwa mu mashu, mu muryango wa Brassica oleraceae bityo ugusarurwa n’ ibiyiranga nyuma yo gusarurwa bisa cyane n’ ibyo ku mashu asanzwe. Shufureri (Brassica oleraceae var. Botrytis) ni igihingwa cy’ uruboga rumara umwaka umwe cyangwa ibiri mu murima kibarizwa mu muryango wa Brassicaceae gihingirwa umutwe wacyo uribwa. Mu by’ukuri, umutwe ni uruhurirane rw’indabo nyinshi zitabanguriwe (indabo zitabashije kuvamo imbuto kuko zifite imyanya myibarukiro ya kigore gusa mu gihe iya kigabo yo itabashije gukura neza, cyangwa nta n’ iriho rwose.

Ibihingwa bya shufureri ni ibihingwa bigira imizi migufi n’ uruti ruto rubyibushye. Amababi asa n’ afite imbavu ashamika hejuru ku ruti kandi akagira ibara ry’ icyatsi risa n’iryererutse. Iki gihingwa kibasha kugera ku burebure bwa m1-m1.5 kandi gihingwa ahanini nk’ igihingwa kimara igihembwe kimwe mu butaka, kigasarurwa hagati y’ iminsi 60 n’ 100 nyuma yo gutera. Ugukundwa no kwifuzwa n’ abaguzi kwacyo guturuka mu buziranenge bwacyo mu by’ intungamubiri n’ inyungu gifite ku buzima.

Shufureri zifitemo ingano nyinshi ya Vitamini C na B, Kalisiyumu (Ca), ubutare (Fe) na Fosifore (P) kandi izwiho kugwiramo ibirinda indwara. Shufureri nziza iba ikomeye kandi ivunagurika, umutwe wayo utagira ibibara by’ ikigina n’ ukundi gutakaza ibara kose. Shufureri yujuje ubuziranenge igomba kuba yujuje ubu buziranenge bw’ ibanze busabwa :

Ifatanye, kandi ifite umutwe w’ umweru

Itoshye kandi isukuye

Itenda kumera nk’ umuceri

3.0 Gusarura

Shufureri isarurwa iyo umutwe ufatanye, wera kandi ukomeye ku murambararo wa cm15-20. Isarurwa hakoreshejwe intoki hakatwa uruti ku ntangiriro y’umutwe hagasigwa amababi agera kuri 4 yo kurinda umutwe. Ibi bikorwa iyo yageze ku ngano y’ umutwe yifuzwa (ingano iranga ubwoko bwa shufureri) kandi ku gihe cya nyacyo bitewe n’ icyo izakoreshwa mu rwego rwo guhaza ibisabwa n’umuguzi mu by’ ubuziranenge. Iki gihe, nk’ uruboga, shufureri igomba kuba yoroshye kandi ivunagurika. Umutwe wa shufureri ugaragaza ukumera nk’ umuceri biba bivuze ko wakuze ukarengerana bikaba bitubahirije ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge.

Ibihingwa byinshi bisarurwa kare cyane mu gitondo mu rwego rwo kubyaza umusaruro ubukonje. Ariko rero, kuri shufureri igihe cyiza cyo gusarura ni igihe igitondo cyenda kurangira kugera kare mu gicamunsi. Birakenewe kureka amazi akabije aba ari mu mutwe akumuka byihuse (ibi bikaba biba iyo ikirere kirushujeho gushyuha) kugirango umutwe uhonge ho gato cyangwa se uhondobere mu rwego rwo kugabanya ukwangizwa n’imbaraga zashyirwaho mu gihe cyo gusarura.

Mu gusarura hakoreshejwe amaboko, igikoresho gikata (nk’ agakero) kirakoreshwa mu gukata umutwe wa shufureri. Umutwe ntugomba gukorwaho haba n’ intoki cyangwa igikoresho gikata mu kwirinda ko byawangiza. Mu bihugu byinshi, umutwe usarurwa hakatwa uruti ku buryo amababi nk’ 6 kugera ku 8 asigara afasheho. Imitwe yasaruwe ihita ishyirwa mu bitebo ikusanyirizwamo bifite ibituma imitwe itabikoraho cyangwa mu makereti ya pulasitiki kugirango igezwe ku ikusanyirizo. Amababi afasheho arinda umutwe kwangirika mu gihe cyo gukusanywa.

4.0 Kwita ku musaruro nyuma yo gusarura

4.1 Gusukura

Iyo shufureri isaruwe, ni ngombwa kwinika umutwe wayo mu mazi arimo umunyu (ibiyiko 2 by’umunyu mu injerekani  y’ amazi) mu gihe cy’ iminota 20-30. Ibi bizafasha kwirukana inyo zose zifata amashu zishobora kuba ziwihishemo. Ibi byonnyi bizasohoka vuba maze bipfe, bityo umutwe ntuzaba gusa ubonereye kuribwa, ahubwo uzaba ubasha kubikwa hatabayeho impungenge niba utazaribwa n’ibyo byonnyi. Shufureri zibikika neza iyo zikonjeshejwe cyangwa zipfundikiye mu mikebe, ariko zanabikika mu gihe kigera ku cyumweru cyangwa kirengaho muri frigo zipfunyitse mu gipfunyika kizirinda. Ibinyabutabire Kororine cyangwa  diyoxide de sulifure nka metabisulifite bishobora gushyirwa mu mazi yo gusukura mu gusukura umusaruro icyarimwe.

4.2  Kurobanurira mu murima

Kurobanura imitwe ya shufureri bigomba gukorerwa mu murima hagamijwe kuvanamo imitwe itagurishwa nk’ irwaye, iyafashwe n’ udusimba cyangwa iyangijwe n’ imbeba. Gukorera iki gikorwa mu murima kandi bizagabanya ikiguzi cyo gukusanya/gupakira. Kurobanura kandi bikuramo imitwe itandukanye kandi idafatanye neza.

4.3 Gukata

Imitwe ya shufureri yarobanuwe mu murima ikagera mu nzu y’ubupakiriro cyangwa ikigo ikusanyirizwamo igomba gukatwaho uruti rwaba ari rurerure bikabije kimwe n’ amababi agifashe ku ruti. Bitewe n’ ibipimo byashyizweho kuri shufureri, ‘’umutwe wa shufureri ugomba kuba ukaswe neza, ufite uruti rwa mm10 n’ amababi apfuka atarenze ane’’. Hashingiwe ku bushakashatsi bwakozwe, amababi afasheho niyo abora mbere mu gihe cyo gucuruzwa no guhunikwa. Ibi byoroshya kubora k’ umutwe nawo, kuko umutwe ugirwaho ingaruka cyane n’ umusemburo wa Ethylene uvuburwa n’ amababi ari kwangirika.

4.4 Kurobanura no gushyira mu byiciro

Imitwe ya shufureri igomba kurobanurwa ikanashyirwa mu byiciro bishingiye ku bipimo by’ ubuziranenge. Ibyo bipimo by’ ubuziranenge bishobora gushyirwaho ku rwego rw’ igihugu cyangwa bigashyirwaho n’ ikigo kigenga. Imitwe ya shufureri ishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro: icyiciro cy’ikirenga, icyiciro cya mbere cyangwa icyiciro cya 2. Kurobanura no gushyira mu byiciro bigomba gukorerwa ahantu hari ameza akomeye, iminzani cyangwa icyuma kirobanura. Gushyira mu byiciro bigomba gukorerwa ahantu hari urumuri ruhagije. Ahakorerwa hagomba kuba harinda ibyago abarobanura/abashyira mu byiciro.

4.5  Gupakira

Gupakira byinshi hamwe bishobora kuba aricyo gikorwa cyo kwitondera kurusha ibindi mu ruhererekane rw’ ibikorwa bikurikira isarura rya shufureri. Ibihombo n’ inenge bituruka mu kudakoresha neza ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gupakira byinshi hamwe birimo: gukomereka, gucika udusebe (igisebe, umurongo, uguturika, ugusaduka, ukuvunika), gucika, ukwangirika kuva ku gutsindagirwa n’ ugukubwa. Ikigero cy’ uku kwangirika cyiyongera iyo ibipakirwamo bitujujwe neza, bipakiwe bikarenzwa cyangwa iyo igipakirwamo gifite ubuso buhanda, n’ iyo ibipakirwamo bituwe hasi mu gihe byari biteruwe.

The packaging materials commercially available in Nepal for use in handling and transporting fresh produce like cauliflower include: bamboo baskets or ‘duko’, wooden crate, returnable and stackable plastic crates, polyethylene or polypropylene plastic bags, sacks made from plastic twine, and cardboard box/cartons. With the exception of plastic crates, these packaging materials are commonly used because of their low cost and widespread availability, but in most cases, they are used inappropriately (through overfilling and incompatibility with the nature of produce) especially in hauling and in transporting fresh produce from the farm.

Ibipakirwamo bicuruzwa muri Nepal bibasha gukoreshwa mu mirimo ikorwa ku no mu bwikorezi bw’ umusaruro mubisi nka shufureri birimo: ibitebo by’ imigano’, udutete tw’ ibiti, udutete twa pulasitiki dushobora guhindurwa no kugerekeranywa, impago za poliyetilene cyangwa poliporopilene, impago zikozwe mu migozi ya pulasitiki y’ insobekerane, n’ ibikarito. Uretse amakereti ya pulasitiki, ibi bipakirwamo bikunze gukoreshwa kubera ikiguzi cyabyo gito no kuba biboneka henshi, ariko akenshi bikoreshwa nabi (mu gupakirwa bikabije no kudahuza n’ ubwoko bw’ umusaruro) cyane cyane mu gukusanya no gutwara umusaruro mubisi uvanwa mu murima.

N’ ubwo udutete twa pulasitiki aricyo gikoresho cyo gupakirwamo kigabanya ikiguzi (kubera igihe kirekire abasha kumara akibasha gukoreshwa) no kuba atanga uburinzi bwisumbuyeho ku kwangizwa n’ imbaraga zaturuka inyuma, ntabwo akunze gukoreshwa kubera ikiguzi cyayo kiri hejuru. Amakarito agenewe cyane cyane iyoherezwa mu mahanga, ariko amakarito yakoreshejwe akoreshwa mu gupakira umusaruro mubisi hagambiriwe isoko ry’ imbere mu gihugu. Amakarito yakoreshejwe yihanganira buhoro cyane umuzigo uyatuga, bityo, ukwangizwa no gutsindagirwa bikunze kubaho muri buno bwoko bw’ ibipakirwamo.

Hashingiwe ku bushakashatsi, igipakirwamo kirusha ibindi kuba kiberanye na shufureri ni udutete twa pulasitiki kubera ko ubuso bw’ imbere hayo buba budahanda, kuba yoroshye kuyasukura no kuba yabasha gukoreshwa igihe kirekire (imyaka 10 itarenga). Kugirango ubone inyungu ziruta izindi, imirongo y’ imitwe mu gatete ka pulasitiki igomba koroswa ibitwikirizo bya pulasitiki mu rwego rwo kugabanya ukwangirika kwaterwa no kwikubanaho kw’ imitwe mu gihe cy’ ubwikorezi. Iyo hakoreshwa amakereti ya pulasitiki nk’ ibipakirwamo, ibi bikurikira bigomba kwitabwaho:

Isuku- Amakereti ya pulasitiki agomba gusukurwa byimbitse hakoreshejwe isabuni maze akinikwa mu muti wica udukoko nka Ipokororite de Sodiyumumu rwego rwo kugabanya mikorobi ku ikereti.

Uburyo ikorwaho- ikoranwaho ubwitonzi mu gupakira, kugerekeranya no gupakurura; wiyijugunya. Wiyicaraho mu gihe cyo kurobanura.

Kubika- ibikwa ahasukuye hazarinda ko udusimba cyangwa imbeba bitura mu ikereti cyangwa aho abitswe. Bika amakereti atandukanye n’ imiti n’ imashini zo mu murima mu rwego rwo kwirinda ko byayanduza. Amakereti ntagomba gusigwa yandagaye hanze kuko yahita asaza. Wiyakoresha nk’ ububiko cyangwa igitwarwamo ibinyabutabire (amafumbire n’ imiti yica ibyonnyi)

4.6 Ubwikorezi n’ uko zifatwa ku isoko

Ubwikorezi ni ingenzi mu gukwirakwiza imbuto n’ imboga. Kubera ko bisanzwe bibora vuba, imbuto n’imboga bigomba kugera ku isoko mu gihe gito, bigasaba inzira z’ ubwikorezi zihuta kandi zizewe. Izi zirimo inzira z’ ubwikorezi zifashishwa mu gukusanyiriza umusaruro wa shufureri uvuye mu murima mu ikusanyirizo, kuva mu ikusanyirizo kugera ku isoko ry’ abarangura, no kuva ku isoko ry’abarangura kugera ku isoko ry’abadandaza. Kwangirika bibaho mu bwikorezi ni ikibazo gikomeye kidafitanye isano rya bugufi gusa n’ ikinyabiziga cy’ ubwikorezi, ahubwo kandi kigirwamo uruhare nanone n’uburebure bw’urugendo, umubare w’ ahapakirirwa n’ ahapakururirwa, ubuziranenge bw’ umuhanda, ubushyuhe bw’ ibidukijije n’ ukuboneka kw’ ubufasha mu kwita ku musaruro. Kugirango imitwe ya shufureri igere aho ijyanywe imeze neza, ibikorwa bikwiye by’ ubwikorezi bigomba kubahirizwa:

Korana ubwitonzi ku bipakiwemo umusaruro mu gupakira no gupakurura; ntibigomba guturwa hasi cyangwa kujugunywanaho mu kwirinda kwangirika kugaragara.

Wikoresha ibipakirwamo bituma habaho kwitsindagira kw’ umusaruro mu gihe cyo gupakira mu modoka cyangwa ubundi buryo bw’ ubwikorezi.

Twikira ibipakiwe mu kubirinda guhura n’ ubushyuhe bw’ izuba.

Reka umwuka uhite mu musaruro ugerekeranyije usiga umwanya hagati mu musaruro ugerekeranye. Niba ushyizeho igitwikirizo, siga umwanya umwuka uzanyuramo ku ndiba no hejuru ya buri murongo w’ imitwe; koresha ikintu cy’ ibara mu gutwikira kuko kizasubizayo ubushyuhe.

Ikinyabiziga cy’ubwikorezi kigomba kuba gisukurwe kandi cyatewemo imiti yica mikorobe mbere yo gupakirwa.

Shufureri zikunze gucuruzwa n’ abahinzi cyangwa abacuruzi mu masoko yo kuranguza cyangwa ayo kudandaza. Zikigera muri izi nzira z’ ihererekanya, amategeko amwe y’ ibanze agomba gukurikizwa mu kubungabunga ubutohe n’ ubuziranenge bw’ imitwe:

Ibipakiwemo bigomba gupakururanwa ubwitonzi bikurwa mu kinyabiziga cy’ ubwikorezi bishyirwa aho bicururizwa cyangwa ahatwikiriye.

Bitewe n’ isoko rigambiriwe cyangwa umuguzi, ongera urobanure cyangwa wongere ushyire mu byiciro maze ukuremo ibitaboneye neza.

Wishyira amapaki y’ imitwe ya shufureri ahanduye mu isoko ryo kuranguza mu rwego rwo kuganya ugufatwa na za mikorobi.

Ku isoko ryo kudandaza, shufureri zicuruzwa neza mu mapaki adandajwe kuko bizirinda kwangirika kwaturuka ku guhora zikorwaho n’abaguzi iyo bahitamo imitwe. Niba imitwe idashizwe mu mapaki yo kudandaza (yandagaye), igomba kugaragazwa ahantu harinzwe neza izuba n’ibindi byayanduza.

5.0 Impamvu zo kwangirika kwa shufureri nyuma yo gsarurwa n’ uburyo bwo kuzirwanya

Gutakaza amazi bitera guhonga/kumagara kw’ imitwe n’ amababi arinda- bika ahakonje hari ubuhehere bwinshi (<80%) no gupakira mu mapaki afunze

Kwangizwa na mikorobi bishobora gutera ukubora- sukura ukoresheje amazi arimo kororine cyangwa arimo diyoxide de sufure (ppm500-600 bya kororine na ppm300-500 bya metabisulfite de Sodiyum/Potasiyumu.

Gukomereka mu gusarura, kuzikoraho cyangwa ubwikorezi bifungura inzira z’ ubuni buryo bwo kwangirika- ubwitonzi mu gusarura, kuzikoraho n’ ubwikorezi.

6.0  Indwara n’ ibyonnyi bya nyuma y’ isarura

  1. Ibibara byirabura/guhinduka umukara k’umutwe

Iyi ni indwara ikomeye ya nyuma y’ isarura igira ingaruka kuri shufureri. Ikiyitera ntikirasobanuka neza, ariko gishobora kuba gikomoka kuri mikorobi, imikorere y’ utunyangingo cyangwa byombi. Ubukonje, kurinda ubuhehere ku mitwe no kuyikoranaho ubwitonzi bigabanya uguhinduka umukara k’ umutwe.

 

  1.  Milidiyu (Hyaloperonospora parasitica)

Iterwa n’ agahumyo gato katagaragara kandi ikagaragaza ubucikagurike buto bukoze imfuruka ku buso bwo hejuru bw’ amababi bwiyongera buhinduka ibizinga by’ ugupfa k’utunyangingo bifite ibara ry’ icunga rihishije cyangwa iry’ umuhondo; utubyimba tw’ umweru munsi y’ amababi. Indwara yoroherezwa no kuba hakonje hahehereye kandi ishobora kurwanywa havanwaho ibisigazw byose by’ ibgihingwa nyuma yo gusarura. Gusimburanya imyaka mu murima n’ imyaka itari iyo mu muryango wa Brassicaceae bishobora kurwanya iyi Milidiyu hakoreshejwe umuti wica uduhumyo n’ uduhumbu duto wabugenewe.

 

  1.  Ibibara ku mababi (Alternaria species)

Amoko abiri y’ agahumyo kitwa Alternaria (A. brassicae na A. brassicicola) afitanye isano ya hafi niyo atera iyi ndwara. Ibibara by’ ibiziga bihindagurika kuva ku kigina kijimye kugera ku mukara. Ibi bibara bikunze kuba bisa n’ intego, urugori rw’ umuhondo rukazenguruka intima yinjiyemo. Kimwe no kugira ingaruka ku mababi, iyi ndwara ishobora gutuma imitwe ya shufureri ihinduka umukara. Iyi ndwara ibaho iyo hahehereye. Aka gahumyo gashobora guhererekanywa ku bisigazwa by’ igihingwa n’ ibimera bitifuzwa byo mu bwoko bwa brassica

Ishusho 3 ibibara ku mababi ya shufureri


7.0  Isuzuma ry’ amahugurwa

Uhugura, mu buryo busanzwe mu gihe cyo guhugura abahinzi, ashobora gukora iri suzuma nk’ isuzumwa ryanditse mu gihe cyo guhugura abayobozi bo ku murima cyangwa nk’ ibiganiro biyobowe ku bisubizo by’ ibi bibazo. Rigamije gusuzuma ikigero cy’ ukwiga.

  1. Sobanura ibigaragaza ko shufureri igeze igihe cyo gusarurwa.
  2. Sobanura uburyo buboneye bwo gusarura shufureri.
  3. Sobanura ukurobanura shufureri nyuma yo gusarura.
  4. Vuga ibitera kubora/kwangirika kwa shufureri mu gihe cyo guhunikwa.
  5. Sobanura gukonjesha no gusukura shufureri
  6. Sobanura uburyo buboneye bwo gupakira, gutwara no kubika shufureri.