UBUHINZI BWA SHUFURERI

1. Iriburiro

Umutwe wa shufureri Isoko:https://www.harrisseeds.com/collections/cauliflower/products/12541-cauliflower-skywalker-f1-organic?variant=39290010641

 Shufureri ni uruboga rwo mu muryango w’ amashu rufite ishusho yihariye, cyane cyane imitwe y’ umweru, ikigina cyangwa iroza igoswe n’ amababi menshi  asa n’igihuru. Ni ingenzi buri munsi mu gukora ama salade mu gukora, umutwe wa forumaji cyangwa umutwe wiburungushuye zikaryoha zikanagira intungamubiri. N’ ubwo ari igihingwa gisa n’ aho ari gishya mu Rwanda ariko, shufureri zimaze imyaka 2000 zihingwa. Abasipiriyoti n’ abagereki bazihingaga ahari ikirere gishyuha cya mediterane mu mwaka wa 1 nyuma y’ ivuka rya Yezu Kristu. Mu by’ ukuri, abasizi b’ abaromani bazitaga imboga ziryoshye kurusha izindi mu itsinda ry’ amashu. Ugukungahara mu ntungamubiri kwa shufureri gushingiye ku matebabuzi yifitemo: kuri 92/100g, ibi bihagarariye 98% by’ ingano yose y’ amazi akenerwa mu mubiri ku munsi. Vitamini C niyo irimo ari nyinshi yongera ubudahangarwa bw’ umubiri kuri 58% by’ ingano yose ifatwa ku munsi. Vitamini K igize hafi 15% y’ ingano yose ikenerwa ku munsi ingano ihagije mu kuzamura ukuvura neza kw’ amaraso. Potasiyumu ku rundi ruhande, iri ku kigero cya 10% by’ ifunguro, ingano ihagije mu kuringaniza ibinyabutabire bitwara amashanyarazi mu maraso no kuringaniza ugutera k’ umutima.

 

Shufureri mu Rwanda zihingwa cyane cyane mu karere k’ amajyaruguru y’ iburengerazuba ka Rubavu. Aha, imiryango izihinga iba itunze ubutaka buri munsi ya Ari ebyiri zo guhingaho uru ruboga rwo gucuruza. Ibyaza umusaruro ikirere cyaho gikonja kiba gifite hafi 20⁰C igahinga iki gihingwa. Aba bahinzi bakora ubuhinzi bushingiye ku bikomoka ku binyabuzima burimo gukoresha ingano nke y’ imiti ndetse no gushingira ku ifumbire y’ imborera.

 

2.     Amoko ya shufureri

Ubwoko	Igihe cyo kwera	Umusaruro ushoboka	Ibiranga ubwoko
Shufureri z’ umweru Isoko: sakatavegetables.com	Iminsi 50-100	MT15/20 kuri Ari	Shufureri z’ umweru nibwo bwoko bwa shufureri buzwi cyane, Bugira umutwe w’ umweru ugaragara cyane (unazwi nk’ ikivuguto) ukikijwe n’ amababi y’ icyatsi.
Shufureri zisa n’ icunga rihishije Isoko: Pinterest.com	Iminsi 60	MT20/Ari	Ubwoko bw’ icyimanyi nka cheddar bugira imitwe ifite ibara rigaragara cyane risa n’ icunga rihishije. Ibihingwa bivubura ingano nini y’ ikinyabutabire “beta-carotene” gifite ibara nk’ iry’ icunga rihishije, ikinyabutabire cy’ibanze muri vitamini A. Ibisabwa mu guhinga“cheddar” ni bimwe n’ ibisabwa mu guhinga shufureri z’ umweru. Imitwe yayo ikunda gufata neza ku gihingwa ntirabye mu gihe cyo gusarura.Ibi byemerera umuhinzi gusarura buhoro buhoro aho gusarurira rimwe imitwe yose. Iyo itetswe, imitwe y’ ubu bwoko igira ibara rirushijeho kwigaragaza kandi ryijimye risa n’ iry’ icunga rihishije.
Shufureri z’ imitwe ya move Isoko: https://leafyplace.com/types-of-cauliflower/	Iminsi 75-80	MT20/25/Ari	Ryera imitwe y’ ibara rigaragara cyane rya violeti-move. Imitwe iba yoroshye ifite icyanga kitumvikana, iberanye no gutekwa cyangwa gukoreshwa nk’ ikirungo cy’ ibara muri sarade. Iyo itetswe, imitwe yo mu bwoko bwa “graffiti” igumana ibara ryayo ry’ ikigina, mu gihe iyo mu bwoko bugira imitwe y’ ikigina ihinduka icyatsi.

 

3.     Ibisabwa birebana n’ aho kuzihinga

Ubutaka:  hagomba ubutaka bw’ inombe buciyemo inzira z’ amazi bufite mm450-600 bwo gushoreramo imizi, n’ ubusharire bwa 6-6.8. Shufureri ntizera neza mu butaka bushaririye cyane. Ubutaka bushaririye gahoro, bufite ubusharire buri hafi ya 6.5 (mu mazi), ni bwiza kuko igihingwa kiba gishobora kugera ku ntungagihinga byoroshye kubera buno busharire. Ishwagara ishobora gukoreshwa mu kuringaniza ubusharire bw’ ubutaka.

Imvura: vomerera n’ amazi ya 5.8cm buri cyumweru; ndetse no mu gihe cy’ imvura isanzwe, iki gihingwa gisaba kuvomererwa.

Ubushyuhe: Shufureri zigirwaho ingaruka n’ ubushyuhe bwinshi n’ ubukonje, kurusha amashu asanzwe kandi zisaba ubushyuhe mu buryo bukurikira: ubushyuhe bwiza bwo mu butaka busabwa ngo igihingwa kimere ni 25⁰C, ubushyuhe bw’ umwuka: 15-18⁰C. Ubushyuhe bwiza busabwa ngo imitwe ikorwe: 20-25⁰C n’ ubushyuhe bw’ ubutaka: 7-29⁰C.

Ubutumburuke: 1000-2000 mhejuru y’ ikigero cy’ inyanja.

4.    Ibisabwa mu gutubura no kwemeza imbuto

imbuto za shufureri https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/cauliflower-seeds-16136636273.html

 Bisaba ibihembwe bibiri ngo shufureri zizane imbuto. Mu gihembwe cya mbere, igihingwa kizana imitwe. Iyo umutwe uretswe ntusarurwe, imisogwe y’ imbuto iwumeramo mu mpeshyi ikurikiyeho. Uko imbuto zihisha, igihingwa gitangira kuma. Ibara risa n’ icunga rihishije-ubugondo ry’ igihingwa ni ikimenyetso cyiza cyabyo. Ugukure kw’ imbuto kuba kwegereje ku gihingwa gushobora no kwemezwa binnyuze mu gufungura imisogwe yabanje ari nayo izabanza guhinduka ubugondo. Abatubuzi benshi b’ imbuto bahitamo guca ibyahishije bakoresheje intoki bakabishyira aho byumira mbere yo gukuramo imbuto bakoresheje imashini zihura zitava aho ziri. Guhita uhuza byakorerwa gusa ahumutse kandi bigakoranwa ubwitonzi hirindwa igihombo cyava mu gusandara.

 

5.     Imicungire ikomatanyije y’ uburumbuke bw’ ubutaka

 Ubutaka burebure bw’ inombe, buciyemo inzira z’ amazi burakenewe mu buhinzi bwa shufureri. Ubusharire n’ uburumbuke bw’ ubutaka bigomba kubungabungwa nk’ uko byagaragajwe ku mashu. Ibura ry’ umunyu ngugu wa Boron rishobora gutera gusaduka cyangwa guhinduka ubugondo kw’ uduti tw’ uturabo twa brokoli kandi imyanya ijwenze amazi mu ruti no mu ihuriro ry’ udushami tw’ umutwe wa shufureri. Brokoli na shufureri kandi ntibyihanganira ibura rya Mo ryigaragaza nk’ umurizo aho ubuso bw’ amababi bunanirwa kwaguka.

Ingemwe za shufureri https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/cauliflower/planting-cauliflower-seeds.htm

 

Ibura rya azote, guhura n’ ubushyuhe buke cyangwa ibibazo by’ ibidukikije kuri shufureri zikiri ntoya, cyangwa uruhurirane rwa byombi bishobora gutuma habaho ikibazo cyo kwirema kw’ imitwe imburagihe. Shufureri zishobora kurema imitwe imeze nk’ umuceri aho indabo nto z’ umweru zikura maze umutwe ukagaragara nk’ umuceri utogoshejwe. Iki kibazo cyakunze kugaragara mu moko amwe n’ amwe, ahari ubushyuhe bwo hejuru mu gihe cy’ ikorwa ry’ imitwe, gukura vuba, n’ ahakoreshejwe ifumbire ya Azote nyinshi. Ubuhumyi cyangwa kunanirwa gukora imitwe bishobora kugira impamvu nyinshi zibitera zirimo uburumbuke buke, kwangizwa n’ udusimba, ihindagurika mu makuru y’ utugirangingo cyangwa ubukonje. Shufureri kandi ntizihanganira ibura ry’ imyunyu ngugu ya Manyeziyumu na Manganeze, rigaragazwa no gupfa kw’ imyanya yo hagati y’ imirongo y’ ikibabi ku mababi ashaje cyangwa akiri mato. Isuzuma ry’ ubutaka no kubungabunga ubusharire bw’ ubutaka ni ingenzi mu buhinzi bwa shufureri.

 Ibura ry’ intungagihingwa

 

a)Azote hakenerwa kg130-70/ha bya Azote mu buhinzi bwa shufureri. Iyo ifumbire y’ imborera ikoreshejwe cyangwa bagataba ibinyamisogwe mu butaka, ikigero cya Azote kiba kiringanijwe mu buryo bukwiriye. Hafi kimwe cya kabiri cya Azote ikenewe iranyanyagizwa igahingirwaho gutera byegereje. Azote isigaye ishyirwaho hejuru mu byiciro bibiri igihingwa gitangiye gukura. Ikiciro cya mbere kigomba kuba iminsi 7-10 nyuma yo gutera, maze icya kabiri kikaza ibyumweru 4-6 nyuma.

 

b)Fosifore isuzuma ry’ ubutaka ryerekana ingano ya Fosifore ikenewe. Nyanyagiza mbere yo gutera cyangwa uterane ingano yose ya Fosifate ikenewe maze uyihingireho. Fosifore ni ingenzi ku mikurire y’ imizi. Ukubura kwa Fosifore kugwingiza imikurire y’ igihingwa.

c)Potasiyumu: Isuzuma ry’ ubutaka rigaragaza ingano ya Potasiyumu ikenewe. Nyanyagiza Potasiyumu igihe ubutaka butose maze uhinge uyinjiza mu butaka. Iyo Potasiyumu ibaye nyinshi mu butaka itwika amaso y’ igihingwa (ay’ imbere n’/cyangwa ay’ inyuma). Birashoboka ko uko gushya kw’ amaso y’ igihingwa guterwa n’ uko Potasiyumu ihanganira na kalisiyumu gukoreshwa n’ igihingwa.

 

 

d) Manyeziyumu: Amababi makuru niyo abanza kugaragaza ibimenyetso byo kubura uyu munyungugu birimo ibizinga by’ ugupfa hagati y’ imirongo y’ ikibabi. Uko gupfa uko kwiyongera, ibizinga by’ ibara rya move bishobora kugaragara hafi y’ impera z’ amababi. Ibura ry’ uyu munyu ni ikibazo rusange cyane cyane ku butaka bushaririye bitari cyane aho ishwagara ya dolomite itakoreshejwe. Mu kwirinda ibi bibazo, koresha ishwagara ya dolomite cyangwa wongere Manyeziyumu mu ifumbire. Niba iki kibazo kigaragaye mu gihembwe cy’ ihinga, tera imyunyungugu ya Episomi (magnesium sulfate) ku mababi.

 

e)Silifire: ibimenyetso bya mbere by’ ibura ry’ uyu munyu bigaragara nk’ ibizinga by’ ugupfa ku mababi akiri mato kandi amababi ashobora kwihina agana hasi. Ku butaka bw’ umucanga bufite ibikomoka ku binyabuzima bike kandi bukaba bwarahinzwe cyane, uyu munyu wa silifire ushobora kuba muke. Ingwa ishobora gukoreshwa kuri ubu butaka. Shufureri zikenera silifire nyinshi, kandi mu mirima myinshi zagiye zigaragaza ibimenyetso byo kuyibura.

 

Imyunyungugu ikenerwa mu ngano nkeya

1. Ibura rya Boroni rishobora no gutuma umutwe wa shufureri uhinduka ikigina bifitanye isano n’ ikibazo cyo kugira umwenge mu ruti. Boroni igomba gukoreshwa mu byumweru bibiri ingemwe zigemuwe, imyaka yaba iri gukura vuba ikaba yakongera guterwa indi nshuro imwe cyangwa ebyiri.

 

1. Molibidenumu: ibura rya Molibidenumu rikunze guterwa n’ imihindagurikire y’ ubutaka ishingiye ku busharire rikarangwa cyane cyane n’ uko amababi yikora nabi, akaba mato, yizingazinze kandi yihinnye, ikibazo cyaba gikomeye akaba yamera nk’umurizo. Igihingwa kiba kigomba guhabwa ibinyabutabire nka Sodiyumu molibideti cyangwa Amoniyumu molobideti.

 

1. Manganeze: gukoresha ishwagara nyinshi ku murima bishobora gutera ibura ry’ umunyu wa Manganeze. Ikimenyetso cy’ ingenzi ni ibibara byinshi hagati y’ imirongo y’ ikibabi, bigumana ibara ryabyo risanzwe. Ibi byakosorwa haterwa Sulfate ya Manganeze (5kg kuri 1000 lz’ amazi). Ushobora gukenera kuyitera kenshi kandi ugomba gukoresha ikibitosa.
2. Potasiyumu: ibura rya Potasiyumu rizwi nk’ ubushye bw’ amababi cyangwa ubushye bw’ impera z’ amababi rishobora gukosorwa hakoreshejwe umunyungugu wa Potasiyumu koloride mu ngano ya 200 kg kugera kuri 300kg kuri hegitari.

6.    Ubuhinzi bwivugurura

Ubuhinzi buvugurura ubutaka ni imitekerereze n’ imihingire byagaragaye mu myaka myinshi y’ ubushakashatsi. Ni imihingire ishingiye ku turere tw’ ubuhinzi nk’ imihingire idakoresha imvaruganda, imihingire ikoresha ibikomoka ku binyabuzima gusa, n’ imihingire yongerera imbaraga urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima. Ubuhinzi bwivugurura bugendana n’ ibidukikije, buha agaciro inyamaswa n’ ibindi bidukikije byose. Bwongera urusobe rw’ ibinyabuzima, bukubaka kandi bugasubiza ubuzima ubutaka, bukarinda ubutaka isuri kandi bukavugurura urusobe rw’ ibidukikije. Bugamije kandi kugabanya karibone munsi no hejuru y’ ubutaka, gutera ibihingwa n’ ibiti, bigabanya ukwiyongera kwa karibone mu kirere. Imikorere myiza itanga umusaruro ushimishije, igatanga imirimo – umwuka mwiza wo gukoreramo ku bahinzi- na cyane cyane ifunguro rifite intungamubiri kandi riryoshye kurushaho.

Guhinduranya imyaka mu murima: hari inyungu nyinshi mu guhinduranya imyaka mu murima nko kugabanya ubukana bw’ indwara, udusimba n’ ibyatsi. Byongeye kandi, guhinduranya imyaka mu murima bivugurura uburumbuke bw’ubutaka kuko bwemererwa kwivugurura bya kamere maze imiterere y’ ubutaka ikivugurura kubera ihindagurika hagati y’ ibihingwa by’ imizi miremire n’ iby’ imizi migufi. Ibihingwa byo mu muryango umwe bikunda kwibasirwa n’ ibyonnyi bimwe ku buryo kubisimburanya n’ ibihingwa bitibasirwa n’ ibyo byonnyi imyaka myinshi byemerera ibikomoka ku bihingwa byose kubora maze uruhererekane rw’ ibyonnyi narwo rukangirika. Hatari ibikomoka ku bihingwa byibasirwa, umubare w’ indwara n’ udusimba uzatangira kugabanuka. Guhinduranya imyaka mu murima bifasha kugabanya ibyatsi bimera mu murima kuko buri gihingwa gifite uburyo bw’ imikurire bwihariye bigabanya ubushobozi bwo guhanganira umwanya kw’ ibyatsi. Byongeye kandi, uburyo n’ igihe byo kurima biba bitandukanye ku bihingwa bidahuye bivamo kuba ibyatsi bitakaza ubushobozi bwo gufata neza kw’ ibyatsi. Indi nyungu iva mu kunyuranya imyaka mu murima mu kurwanya ibyatsi iba ku bihingwa bimwe na bimwe haba hari amahirwe yisumbuyeho mu kurwanya ibyatsi bitandukanye. Nk’ urugero,  mu bihingwa bifite amababi magari, kurwanya ibyatsi by’ amababi matoya bizoroha kubera gukoresha imiti yica ibyatsi by’ amababi mato, kimwe n’ ikinyuranyo.

Kuvanga imyaka mu murima: ibi bivuze guterera imyaka ibiri cyangwa irengaho icyarimwe mu murima umwe. Byanasobanura ariko no gutera imyaka ibiri cyangwa irengaho mu murima umwe, uwa kabiri ugaterwa ari uko uwa mbere wamaze gukura. Shufureri zivangwa n’ ibinyamisogwe n’ ibigori.

7.  Gutegura umurima

ingemwe za Shufureri  isokohttps://plantinstructions.com/

 Guhitamo umurima no gutegura ubutaka: gutegura ubutaka neza ni ingenzi mu gutera shufureri. Uburyo bwiza bwo kumenya uko ubutaka bwawe buhagaze ni ugukoresha isuzuma ry’ ubutaka.  Shufureri zisaba ubutaka bwera, buciyemo inzira z’ amazi kandi bufite ubushobozi buhagije bwo gufata amazi n’ ubusharire buri hagati ya 6 kugera kuri 7. Guhinga ubutaka ngo umene ibinonko, ugashyiramo ifumbire y’ imborera ku bujyakuzimu bwa cm15 kugera kuri cm20 nibyo bifatwa nk’ ibyiza kurusha ibindi. Niba ubutaka bugomba kuvurwa utunyorogoto dutera amapfundo mu mizi, bigomba gukorwa ari uko ubutaka bwamaze gutegurwa kandi bugahabwa igihe cy’ ibyumweru 2 kugera kuri 3 byo gukira nyuma yo kuvurwa mbere yo gutera. Imitabo izagemurirwamo igomba kuvomererwa kugirango ingemwe zizakure neza nizimara kumera. Ubutaka iyo mitabo ikorwaho bugomba kuba buseseka, buciyemo inzira z’ amazi kandi butamezemo ibyatsi. Ubusharire bw’ ubutaka bukwiriye kuba 6.0 kugera kuri 6.5 kandi uburumbuke bukaba buhagije ariko budakabije. Imbuto zigomba guterwa mu bujyakuzimu bwa cm1.5 kugera kuri cm3 bitewe n’ ubuhehere bw’ ubutaka ndetse n’ ubushyuhe bwiganje bw’ ubutaka. Mu butaka bwumye cyangwa bufite ibyago byo kuma, imbuto zigaterwa mu bujyakuzimu buruta ubw’ izitewe mu butaka buhehereye. Intera nziza hagati y’ imbuto ni cm1 kugera kuri 2. Imbuto zigomba gutanga ingemwe 3000.

Kubiba no kwita ku buhumbikiro Shufureri zororoka zikoresheje imbuto zibibwa mu mitabo y’ ubuhumbikiro maze zikazagemurwa nyuma y’ ibyumweru bitatu kugera kuri bine zikajyanwa mu mitabo itandukanyijwe na cm60 kugera kuri 75 kandi intera hagati y’ imirongo ikaba 45-60. Ku moko atinda kwera, hakoresha intera irushijeho kwaguka (cm75x60), mu gihe ku moko yera vuba hakoreshwa intera nto kurushaho (cm60x45).

Ingemwe zigomba guhingwa mu butaka bugeramo umwuka uhagije, bufite ubushobozi bwo gufata amazi ahagije kandi ubusharire bukaba buri hafi 6.5. Muri rusange, imvange ya nyiramugengeri, barike na n’ iminyorogoto niyo ikoreshwa. Ibibazo by’ aho guhinga cyane cyane birimo tanine, ikinyabutabire cy’ uburozi, nyinshi no kuba ubutaka bufite imyanya irimo umwuka mike, ibyo bigatuma amazi adatemba neza maze agahumbu k’ icyatsi kagakura. Aho uhinga hagomba kubanza gukungahazwa kandi ingemwe zigomba kongererwa ubushobozi. Kugirango zimere ku kigero cyo hejuru, uturimo ingemwe tugomba gushyirwa mu cyumba gituma zimera, kuri 20 °C. Ahari ikigereranyo cy’ ubuhehere cyo hejuru. Ingemwe zigomba kujyanwa mu buvumo zikigaragaza ikimenyetso cyo kumera. Ubushyuhe bwa nyabwo bwo gutera ingemwe ni 20 °C.

 

 Kwita ku ngemwe ni ingenzi mu buhinzi bwa shufureri, kuko ibi bikurikira bifitanye isano no gutubura ingemwe bishobora gutera ibibazo mu mikurire:

• Guterera igihe kitari cyo.
• Ubukonje, by’ umwihariko munsi ya °C 7.
• Ingemwe zahinzwe ahakonje.
• Gufumbira ingemwe ugakabya.
• Ingemwe zifite ingano/imikurire ikabije mu gihe cyo kugemurwa.
• Kuba ubushyuhe mu buhumbikiro butandukanye n’ ubwo mu murima.

Ni ngombwa gukoresha akamashini gatera gahamya igipimo kugirango utere urugemwe rumwe rumwe kandi ku bujyakuzimu bungana.

 

Guhitamo umurima no kuwutegura

Ingemwe za shufureri mu murima Isoko: https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/cauliflower/planting-cauliflower-seeds.htm

Gutegura ubutaka neza ni ingenzi mu gutera shufureri. Uburyo bwiza bwo kumenya uko ubutaka buhagaze ni ugukoresha isuzuma ry’ ubutaka. Shufureri zisaba ubutaka bwera, buciyemo inzira z’ amazi kandi bufite ubushobozi buhagije bwo gufata amazi n’ ubusharire buri hagati ya 6 na 7

 

8.  Kwita ku gihingwa

1. Amafumbire

Umwanzuro ku ifumbire yaba iy’ imborera cyangwa imvaruganda n’ ishwagara bigomba kongerwa mu murima bigomba kuba bishingiye ku byavuye mu isuzuma ry’ ubutaka ndetse n’ iteganyamigambi ry’ imicungire y’ intungagihingwa.

Shufureri zera neza iyo ifumbire y’ imborera yakoreshejwe, ariko ni akarusho kudakoresha ifumbire ikomoka ku matungo yagaburiwe turnips na rutabaga. Ikoreshwa rikabije ry’ ifumbire y’ imborera rishobora gutera imbaraga ugushya k’ amasonga, kugira uruti rurimo umwanya urimo ubusa, guhinduka ikigina mo imbere, kubora kw’ imitwe n’ ibindi bibazo. Ifumbire itarabora ntigomba gukoreshwa ako kanya igihingwa kigiye guterwa. Ishwagara igomba gukoreshwa mu gutuma ubusharire bw’ ubutaka buguma ari 6.5 kugera kuri 7, keretse hakenewe kurwanya kubora kw’ itsinda ry’ imizi (ubusharire bwa7.2). Niba ubutaka bushaririye birenze 6.2, koresha ishwagara haba mu muhindo w’umwaka ubanziriza uwo uzahingamo cyangwa ibyumweru bitandatu mbere yo gutera.

2. Kubagara no gusasira 

Gusasira shufureri https://world-crops.com/cauliflower/59-cauliflower-with-mulch/

Uburyo bukomatanyije bwo kurwanya ibyatsi bugomba gushyirwa mu ngiro mbere yo gutera shufureri. Intambwe zikurikizwa mu kubirwa nya zirimo guhinduranya imyaka mu murima, guhitamo umurima no kurandura ibyatsi bitararabya ndetse no kuvomerera mbere yo gutera kugirango ibyatsi bimere bibe byakicwa hakoreshejwe imiti yica ibyatsi, kubitwikisha propane cyangwa guhinga byoroheje. Nanone kandi, gutegura neza no gusiga intera hagati y’ imitabo bituma guhingwa wegeranyije ibihingwa birushaho kugira umusaruro. Kurwanya ibyatsi ni ngombwa cyane mu minsi 30 nyuma yo kugemura kugeza igihe igihingwa kigiriye amababi atwikira umwanya uri hagati y’ ibihingwa agatwikira ibyatsi. Kuri shufureri imiti yica ibyatsi mbere na nyuma yo gutera iraboneka. Ifumbire y’ amazi iterwa ku butaka igihingwa kigiterwa ishobora kugira ingaruka zo gutwika ingemwe z’ ibyatsi zikimera ari nako ifumbira igihingwa. Urebye uko uburyo bwo gutera bumeze, kurwanya ibyatsi kwa nyako gushobora kugerwaho binyuze mu guhinga. Ukurima kwa mbere gukuraho ibyatsi mu mutabo wose uretse ibiri ku butaka buri muri cm10 hafi y’ urugemwe. Ukurima bwa kabiri bikorwa mbere gato y’ uko amababi atwikira umwanya wose uri hagati y’ ibihingwa gutera imyanda hafi y’ igihingwa bikabuza umwuka ibyatsi. Nyuma y’ uku kurima amababi atwikira ibyatsi bito bikimera. Kubagaza intoki bishobora gukenerwa mu gukura ibyatsi hagati y’ imirongo y’ ingemwe zikiri nto.

 

3. Kuhira

Shufureri zikenera ubuhehere bw’ ubutaka buhagije ngo zitange umusaruro mwinshi ufite n’ ubwiza bwo ku rwego rwo hejuru. Zikunze kuhirwa hakoreshejwe cyane cyane gucisha amazi hagati y’ imitabo cyangwa kuhirisha utwuma twuhira amazi akamanuka nk’ imvura. Abahinzi benshi bakoresha utwo twuma twuhira amazi amanuka nk’ imvura kugirango ingemwe zibanze zifate maze nyuma bakaba badukomezanya cyangwa bagatangira kuhira banyuza amazi hagati y’ imitabo cyangwa bakuhira bakoresha ibitonyanga kugeza imyaka yeze. Nyuma y’ uko ingemwe zifashe, kuvomerera amazi amanuka nk’ imvura bikunze gukorwa rimwe mu cyumweru mu gihe cy’ urugaryi n’ impeshyi. Agace gato k’ iyo hegitari gashobora guhingwa buhira hakoreshejwe igitonyanga kigwa ku butaka. Imirima imwe n’ imwe yuhirwa hakoreshejwe igitonyanga iteye ku mitabo ya m2 z’ ubugari ikagira imirongo itatu y’ ibihingwa kuri buri mutabo n’ imirongo ibiri y’ uduhombo dutanga ibitonyanga hagati y’ imirongo y’ ibihingwa. Kuhirwa hakoreshejwe igitonyanga bishobora kurushaho kukwemerera kugera ku mirima mu gihe cyo gusarura, cyane cyane mu butaka buremereye budafite inzira zihagije z’ amazi.

9.  Ibyonnyi n’ indwara

a)   Ibyonnyi muri shufureri

Icyonnyi	Ingaruka	Uko bakirwanya
Urunyo rw’ ishu (Delia redicum) Isoko :  gardeningknowhow.com	Rutera amagi y’ umweru ku ruti rw’ ibihingwa cyangwa mu myanya iri hafi yaho mu butaka.  Rwinjira mu mizi rukarya rushwaratura utugirangingo tw’ igihingwa rukoresheje ibice by’ umunwa byigonze nka nanjoro maze rugacukura ubuvumo mu muzi. Rutera imizi kumera nabi rugatuma hinjiramo utunyabuzima dutuma ibora. Rutuma ibihingwa bigwingira.	Uburyo bw’ imihingire bwifashishwa mu kururwanya burimo gutwikira ibihingwa bito ukoresheje ibitwikirizo by’ imirongo bidakora ku bihingwa kugirango ubuze isazi gutera amagi ku bihingwa bikimera. Guhingana na clovers cyangwa ibindi binyamisogwe kugirango utume urunyo rutabona umwanya hafi y’ uruti rw’ ishu. Mu kururwanya wifashishije imiti, genzura ibihingwa mu buryo buhoraho maze ururwanye ukibona ko hari ibyo rwangije.
Iminyorogoto ikeba (Agrotis ipsilon)   Isoko : plantvillage.psu.edu	Ikinyabwoya cy’ ikijuju kigaragaza umubiri wacyo, gishobora kugira cm5 z’ uburebure, kihinahina iyo gihungabanyijwe. Ibihingwa bishobora guhekenywa hejuru cyangwa munsi y’ ubutaka kandi gishobora kwangizwa hejuru biruseho n’ iyi minyorogoto yurira. Iyi minyorogoto ikunze kwangiza ibihingwa bigifata mu murima, ariko ntikunze gusangwa yateye ingemwe ziri mu mitabo no muri za girinihawuzi. Hakunze kubaho guterwa n’ iminyorogoto y’ amabara menshi ku bihingwa bikuze.	Tegura ubutaka ibyumweru bibiri mbere yo gutera kugirango uhingemo ibihingwa bitwikira ubutaka kandi ukuremo ibyatsi. Genzura ibihingwa mu buryo buhoraho maze ubivure ukwangirika kugitangira kugaragara.
Udusurira (Brevicoryne brassicae) Isoko: gardenerspath.com	Udusurira ni udusimba duto, dufite umubiri worohereye, tukagenda buhoro. Udusurira turya imitwe, uduti tw’ indabo kimwe n’ amababi bigatuma umusaruro udashobora gucuruzwa. Udusurira turya dutobora ibihinga tukanyunyusamo amatembabuzi yabyo, bigatuma ibice by’ igihingwa bitakaza ishusho yabyo kandi igihingwa kugakura buhoro buhoro.	Uburyo bw’ imihingire bukoreshwa mu kuyirwanya burimo kuhiza utwuma dutanga amazi amanuka nk’ imvura afite imbaraga nyinshi kugirango agushe udusurira tuve kumyaka, kimwe no gukoresha ibihingwa nka clover bihinganywe na shufureri nk’ isaso.
Tiripusi (Thrips tabaci) Isoko:shutterstock.com	Zirya zitobora amababi zikanyunyusa amatembabuzi avamo. Ibi bituma hagaragara utumeze nk’ utubyimba cyangwa udusebe twijimye ku mababi. Zinarya imitwe zikayangiza zigatuma itabasha kugurishwa.	Rimbura kandi urwanye ibyatsi. Zishobora kwimuka cyane nyuma yo gukatwa k’ ubwatsi cyane cyane Alufalufa cyangwa clover. Ni ngombwa cyane kuzirwanya imitwe igitangira kwikora (cm7.5 z’ agapira k’ amababi)
Ikivumvuri kimeze nk’ imbaragasa (Phyllotreta spp.) Isoko:plantvillage.psu.edu	Ikivumvuri gito kigira ibara ry’ umukara urabagirana, kikagira mm2 z’ uburebure. Biba bifite ubukana cyane mu ntangiriro z’ igihembwe cy’ ihinga, cyane cyane mu bihe by’ izuba. Cyangiza ingemwe n’ ibihingwa bikuru ariko byo ku kigero gite, zicukura imyobo mu mababi. Bikura rimwe mu mwaka. Iyo bikiri bito biba mu butaka bikarya imizi.	Uburyo bwifashisha ibinyabuzima mu kubirwanya burimo gukoresha ibivumvuri bya brakonide birya bikanica ibivumvuri by’ imbaragasa bikuze, no gukoresha iminyorogoto itera ibikiri bito.
b)   Indwara za shufureri
Indwara	Ibimenyetso	Uburyo bwo kuyirwanya
Umuzi w’ ingashyi (Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor.) isoko: researchgate.net	Ni indwara ituruka mu butaka ifata shufureri. Ntibyoroshye kumenya ko ihari igitangira kuko ibimenyetso bihera munsi y’ubutaka. Ibimenyetso birimo utubyimba duto kugera ku binini ndetse n’ ukundi kwangirika kw’ imizi	Shyira mu kato (niba bishoboka) cyangwa wirinde ikoreshwa ry’ imirima yagaragayemo iyi ndwara. Wikoresha ifumbire yafashwe n’ indwara y’ umuzi w’ ingashyi ku butaka buzahingwaho amashu. Guhinduranya imyaka. Koresha ishwagara mu kugabanya ubusharire bw’ ubutaka kugera nibura ku kigero cya 7.2
KuboraRhizoctonia Isoko :  agric.wa.gov.au	Agahumyo gaturuka mu butaka gatera indwara ebyiri za shufureri zirimo gutoha n’ uruti rw’ akagozi. Imbuto zirafatwa zikabora. Iyo ibihingwa byafashwe bimeze, binanirwa kuva mu butaka.	Koresha ubutaka bwavuwe cyangwa butigeze guhingwaho ibihingwa byo mu muyango w’ amashu. Imbuto zigomba kunyuzwa mu mazi ashyushye kandi zikananyuzwa mu muti wica uduhumyo ukwiriye.
Ibidomo by’ ikigina n’ iby’ umukara Alternaria brassicae (Ibidomo by’ ikigina) Isoko :  Infonet-biviosion.org	Itera udusebe duto tw’ ikigina cyererutse cyangwa ikijuju. Izi ndwara zikomoka mu mbuto cyangwa ubutaka. Ibibara bito by’ umukara (mm1 kugera kuri 2 z’ umubyimba) bigaragara ku mababi, bikageraho bigahinduka ikigina cyererutse n’ inziga z’ ubwiganze zimeze nk’ intego. Iyo ibyo bibara byumye, ako kanyangingo karagwa kakava ku mababi. Udusebe duto twinjiyemo tw’ ikigina no kubora kw’ imitwe ya shufureri ahatose cyane.	Koresha imbuto zisukuye kandi zemewe cyangwa imbuto zanyujijwe mu mazi ashyushye DFVCB. Hinduranya imyaka y’ ingenzi usigamo igihe kirekire mbere yo kuyisubiza mu murima. Irinde kuvomerera n’ amazi aturuka hejuru kandi ukuremo ibisigazwa byose by’ ibihingwa. Gutembera neza k’ umwuka birakenewe mu murima kimwe no mu buhunikiro.
Milidiyu yo hasi (Peronospora parasitica) Isoko : growveg.com	Igihingwa kigaragaza ibintu by’ umweru bimeze nk’ ibifuro mu bizinga munsi y’ amababi, uruti n’ imitwe. Hejuru ku mababi hahinduka move, nyuma hagahinduka umuhondo cyangwa ikigina. Ishobora gutera uguhinduka ikigina n’ uturongo tw’ umukara ku ruti munsi y’ umutwe n’ amabara y’ umukara, ikigina cyangwa ikijuju ku mitwe ya shufureri.	Umwuka mwiza no gutemba kw’ amazi ni ingenzi mu kurwanya iyi ndwara, ahamwe no kwirinda amazi ku gihingwa mu migoroba. Gusimbuzanya imyaka n’ imyaka itari iyo mu muryango w’ amashu ndetse no guhingira ku bisigazwa by’ imyaka birafasha mu kurwanya iyi ndwara.
Kubora k’ umukara (Xanthomonas campestris)   isoko:  growveg.com	Ishobora kuba mu butaka umwaka umwe nta kindi gihingwa ifata gihari. Kuba hatose kandi hari imvura nyinshi byorohereza iyi ndwara ikunze gukwirakwizwa n’ amashahi y’ imvura cyangwa amazi yo kuhira. Ibisebe byo kubora k’ umukara bibanza kugaragara ku mpera z’ amababi. Utunyangingo duhinduka umuhondo maze ibisebe bigakomeza byerekeza mu ntima y’ ibabi, akenshi bifite ishusho y’ inyuguti ya V.	Koresha imbuto isukuye idafite udukoko dutera indwara. Hinduranya imyaka mu murima usigamo intera y’ imyaka 2 nta gihingwa cy’ amababi akora ishusho y’ umusaraba kigera mu murima. Imbuto zafashwe zishobora kuvurishwa gushyirwa mu mazi ashyushye kuri °F 122 mu minota 30. Rwanya ibyatsi by’ amababi akoze ishusho y’ umusaraba n’ udusimba tw’ ibyonnyi.
amaguru y'umukara (Phoma lingam.) Isoko:  farmersweekly.co.za	Ishobora guturuka ku mbuto. Ibimenyetso bya mbere bigaragara nk’ ibibara bito ku mababi. Ku ruti ibi bibara bigaragara nk’ imirongo kandi akenshi bizengurutswe n’ impera za move. Ibisebe ku ruti ku murongo w’ ubutaka akenshi bikura bikagera ku mizi bigatera ibibyimba byijimye. Imizi nk’ iy’ ibigori ishobora kwangirika. Ibihingwa byinshi biruma bigapfa.	Koresha imbuto yizewe cyangwa imbuto yavuwe mu mazi ashyushye. Simburanya imyaka usigamo intera y’ imyaka ine, urimbure ibyatsibyo mu muryango w’ amashu kandi uhingire ku bisigazwa by’ imyaka burundu. Irinde ko haba amazi ku gihingwa nyuma ku gicamunsi na nimugoroba.

 

 

10. Gusarura, kwita ku musaruro no  guhunika  shufureri.

Shufureri zigomba gusarurwa amababi atwikiriye umutwe agitangira gutandukana. Kuko imitwe ishobora guhita igira ibara ry’ umuhondo iyo ihuye n’ izuba, abahinzi mu bice bimwe na bimwe barinda imitwe batemera amababi hejuru yayo cyangwa bakazirikanya amababi. Guhinduka umuhondo bigabanya ubwiza bw’ umutwe ku isoko ry’ ibibisi kandi bikongera ibyago byo kwangwa mu itunganywa.

Gusarurira icyarimwe nibyo byiza mu itunganywa kuko bigabanya ikiguzi cyo gusarura. Iyo ari ugusarurira isoko ry’ ibibisi, akenshi gusarurwa bukorwa rimwe cyangwa kabiri. Ibi biterwa n’ ubwoko. Ku moko amwe, imitwe yose yerera rimwe mu gihe ku yandi kwera kunyanyagizwa mu minsi icumi kugera kuri makumyabiri.

Shufureri zicuruzwa mu bitebo cyangwa zipakiwe mu makarito y’ icumi (amadizeni). Imitwe muri buri karito igomba yose kuba ifite ubwiza n’ ingano bimeze kimwe. Imitwe igomba koherezwa hanze igomba gukurwaho amababi yose mbere yo gupakirwa. Umusaruro uzaterwa n’ umubare w’ ibihingwa n’ ingano y’ imitwe. Ubwiza bugumanwa igihe kirekire nyuma yo gusarura iyo imitwe ihise ikonjeshwa maze igahunikwa ahari ubuhehere bwinshi kuri degere zeru. Imodoka zikonjesha zigomba gukoreshwa mu kujyana shufureri ku isoko.

11. Gucuruza

•  Kata amababi yose arenga ku mutwe wa shufureri yasaruwe.
•  Shakisha ingano ikwiriye, ishusho idahindagurika n’ ibara ryiza muri buri guhitamo.
• Ohereza umusaruro watoranyijwe ako kanya aho upakirirwa.
• Pakira shufureri byibura mu buryo butatu:

• Mu makarito ajyamo imitwe hafi icyenda ikaswe neza.
• mitwe 12 mu ikarito. Kuri aya mahitamo, siga amenshi mu mababi adakaswe hejuru y’ imitwe.
• Imitwe 15 amababi akaswemo make cyane.
• Imitwe ya shufureri mibisi yaba ipakiye cyangwa idapakiye kuri dogere selisiyusi 0.
• Mu gupakira, komeza uyu muco wo kubanza gukonjesha amakarito ku kigero cya dogere selisiyusi zeru.
• Shyira urubura kuri buri karito yapakiwe kugirango imboga zigumane ubuhehere bwa 99% igihe ziraba zihageze.

shufureri zapakiwe ziteguye kujyanwa ku isoko  isoko :http://princedebritagne-pro.com

                                                                                               

 

Amashakiro

https://www.selinawamucii.com/produce/fruits-and-vegetables/rwanda-cauliflower/

https://bonnieplants.com/how-to-grow/growing-cauliflower/

https://foodforward.org/2014/04/produce-of-the-month-cauliflower/

https://www.hort.vt.edu/Welbaum/seedproduction/cauliflower.html

https://www.yara.in/crop-nutrition/cauliflower/nutrient-deficiencies---cauliflower/

https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/cauliflower/planting-cauliflower-seeds.htm

https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/cauliflower-seeds-16136636273.html

https://plantinstructions.com/

https://princedebritagne-pro.com

https://farmersweekly.co.za