AMAHUGURWA KU GUFATA NEZA UMUSARURO W’ INANASI

1.0 Iriburiro

Iyi nyigisho izakoreshwa mu guhugura abakozi bakorana n’ abahinzi nabo bakazahugura abahinzi (amahugurwa y’ abahugura). Ibyiciro byombi by’ amahugurwa bizakorwa mu buryo bw’ ibiganiro kandi ingero zifatika zizakoreshwa herekanwa ibyo bahugurwaho. Kugirango hashobore gushyirwa mu bikorwa ibyo duhugurwamo, amahugurwa azabera hafi y’ umurima. Igihe bidashoboka, abahugurwa bazasura umurima mu gihe isarura no gufata neza umusaruro bizaba birimo bikorwa.

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1.1  Intego rusange

Intego rusange y’ izi nyigisho ni ukugeza ku bakozi bazahugura abahinzi, ibigo bito n’ ibiciriritse, ubumenyi mu bya tekiniki ku byerekeye kwita ku nanasi nyuma yo gusarurwa. Izi nyigisho rero zigenewe gufasha abahinzi baciririrtse b’ imboga n’ imbuto kugira ubumenyi muri ibi bikurikira:

1. Kumenya inanasi yeze nza n’ uburyo bwo kuzisarura
2. Kumenya uko basarura no gushobora ubwe gusarura inanasi
3. Impamvu zo kwangirika kw’ inanasi n’ uburyo bwo kuzirwanya
4. Imirimo ikorerwa inanasi nyuma yo gusarurwa harimo gutoranya, kukata amababi no kuzishyira mu byiciro, kuzitwara no kuzihunika..
5. Indwara zishobora gufata inanasi nyuma yo gusarurwa
6. Gutegurira inanansi isoko ry’ imbere mu gihugu n’ isoko mpuzamahanga kugirango hongerwe inyungu umuhinzi akura mu buhinzi bw’ inanasi

Mu buhinzi, kwita ku musaruro w’ imbuto ni ikiciro cy’ ubuhinzi bw’ imbuto gikurikira isarura harimo kuzikonjesha, kuzisukura, kuzitoranya no kuzipfunyika. Nyuma y’ uko urubuto rugeze igihe cyo gusarurwa, rukimara gutandukana na nyina, urubuto rutangira kwangirika. Uko urubuto rwafashwe nyuma yo gusarurwa nibyo bigena ubuziranenge bwarwo, niba urubuto cyangwa ibikomoka ku rubuto bigurishijwe kuribwa bikiri umwimerere.  Bireba kandi guhunika, ubwikorezi no gutunganya umusaruro w’ imbuto kugirango zihindurwe ukundi byatuma zirushaho kubikika.

Imbuto n’ imboga zangirika mu bwinshi no mu bwiza hagati yo gusarurwa no kuribwa. Gutakaza ubuziranenge, nk’ ibijyanye no kuba zishobora kuribwa, kuba zujuje intungamubiri, agaciro zifite mu bitera imbaraga no kwemerwa n’ abaguzi kw’ imbuto zigifite umwimererere biruhije gusuzuma kuruta gusuzuma ingano.   Ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge, amahitamo y’ abaguzi n’ ubushobozi bwo kugura bihindagurika cyane hagati y’ ibihugu n’ imico, kandi uko gutandukanya bigira ingaruka zifatika ku gushobora gucuruzwa n’ igipimo tuvugaho ko umusaruro wangiritse.

1.2   Uburyo bw’ amahugurwa

I.Kwitegura gutangira

Uhugura azitegura gutangira ku buryo ategura  abahugurwa mu mutwe ku buryo baba mu mwanya utuma bakira neza ibyo bahugurwa mbere yo gusobanura impamvu bakeneye izi nyigisho. Ibi bizabamo guha ikaze abitabiriye amahugurwa no kubabwira mu ncamake iby’ ingenzi baziga muri izi nyigisho. Abitabiriye bazasabwa kuvuga ibyo biteze kungukira muri izi nyigisho, uhugura agenda abyandika ku kibaho. Uhugura agomba gufasha abitabiriye kugirango bagere ku byo biteze akurikije intego z’ isomo no kugenda baziganiraho.

II.Amasomo magufi

Uburyo bw’ isomo burakoreshwa mu kumenyekanisha inanasi n’ umwanya inanasi ishobora kugira mu nganda. Haratangwa n’ amasomo magufi ku kamaro k’ ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge kugirango turusheho kugera ku isoko, akamaro k’ ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge bw’ ibyo kurya, n’ akamaro ko gukoresha uburyo bwiza bwo gutunganya umusaruro. Abahugurwa bazahabwa umwanya wo kubaza ibibazo no gutanga ibitekerezo kuri buri mutwe w’ isomo. Abahugura bazakoresha ingero zifatika zifasha abahugurwa kubakira ku bumenyi basanzwe bafite. Uhugura nawe arabaza ibibazo bikangura ibiganiro nogsuzuma imyumvire y’ abahugurwa. Amasomo agomba kuba magufi, atangwa hakoreshejwe kugaragaza ingingo z’ ingenzi, impapuro nini zimanikwa, kopi y’ igitabo cy’ inyigisho, n’ ibiganiro imbonankubone.

III.Ibiganiro mu dutsinda duto

Ibiganiro mu matsinda bizakoreshwa mu gukangura ubushobozi bwo gutekereza no gusuzuma byimbitse ku bahugurwa no gutuma barushaho gushishikarira gukurikira intego y’ isomo. Abiga bazagabanywamo amatsinda mato buri tsinda rihabwe umukoro wihariye wo kuganiraho no kubona ibisubizo bikwiye. Buri muntu uhugurwa azahabwa ikayi yandikamo ibiganiro. Umwe uhagarariye itsinda azerekana ingingo z’ ingenzi imbere y’ abandi bose bateranye. Uri gufasha mu gikorwa cyo guhugura azatanga inama ku byo amatsinda yagaragaje, igihe bizaba ari ngombwa.  

IV.Gusangira ubunararibonye

Abahugura bazasaba abahugurwa gusangiza bagenzi babo ubunararibonye bafite mu buhinzi bw’ inanasi, mu kuzisarura no kuzikoramo ibindi.

V.Gushyira mu ngiro

Ibi bizakorwa mu buryo bw’ ibiganiro mu matsinda no gushyira mu ngiro ubuhanga bwizwe kugirango abahugurwa barusheho gusobanukirwa no gutahura ibipimo bitandukanye by’ ubuziranenge no gutanga umuti ku mbogamizi zitandukanye bahura nazo mu bihugu bitandukanye.

2.0 ibyo kwitaho nyuma yo gusarura

Urubuto rw’ inanasi (Ananas comosus) rugomba gusarurwa igihe rukomeye kandi rweze neza.inanasi ntabwo ziyongera ubwiza mu kuribwa nyuma yo gusarurwa. Ingano y’ isukari irimo ntiyiyongera nyuma yo gusarurwa. Ku bw’ ibyo rero, urubuto rugomba gucibwa rweze neza kandi ruhishije neza kugirango rube rubereye isoko ruteganywa gucuruzwaho. Inanasi ziba zihiye iyo zigeze ku ngano yazo nini ishoboka kandi zifite ibara ryiza ry’ umuhondo, bitewe n’ ubwoko. Nta kmenyetso kimwe cyihariye gihagije cyo kwerekanako urubuto rw’ inanasi rweze neza. Ariko ibiranga urubuto byinshi by’ inyuma n’ imbere bishobora gukoreshwa bikomatanyijwe mu kugenako urubuto rweze rwo gusarurwa.

Ibimenyetso by’ inyuma birimo ibara ry’ uruhu rw’ inyuma ( ku moko menshi), ikigero cy’ uko amaso atengamaye n’ ingano y’ urubuto. Ibimenyetso by’ imbere birimo ijanisha ry’ amasukari ashonga (ingano y’ isukari irimo) n’ uko rugaragara. Ingano y’ ubuso bw’ urubuto busa umuhondo ishobora gukoreshwa nk’ ikirango cyo kugena igihe cyo gusarura mu moko amwe n’ amwe. Akenshi, uko ubuso buba umuhondo (kororofile nke), niko urubuto ruba rukuze kandi ruhishije. Ubusanzwe, uko ibara ry’ ubuso buhinduka uko inanasi igenda year ni ukuva ku cyatsi kibisi ruhnduka umuhondo no ku mutuku wijimye.

Iyo urubuto rurekewe kuri nyina kugeza ku kigero cy’ umuhondo wuzuye, ruzaba rufite uburyohe butari bwiza kubera isukari nyinshi hamwe no kugabanuka k’ ubusharire. Urubuto kandi ruzaba rushobora kwangirika byoroshye.  Iyo urubuto rwakabije gushya, ubuso bw’ urubuto buhinduka umutuku wijimye. Iyo urubuto rwasaruwe, guhinduka ibara ry’ uruhu n’ ikigero cyo kuba umuhondo ntibigomba gukoreshwa nk’ ikimenyetso cyo guhisha k’ urubuto, kuko guhinduka kw’ ibara nyuma yo gusarurwa ntibifitanye isano n’ ubuziranenge.

Inanasi ni urubuto rugizwe n’ utubuto twinshi. Utubuto tugenda twera gahoro gahoro uhereye ku ndiba werekeza ku mutwe w’ urubuto. Uko utubuto tugenda twera tugenda twika. Ikigero cyo kwika k’ utubuto ni ikimenyetso cyiza cyo kwera k’ urubuto. Utubuto two ku ndiba y’ urubuto tuba turushijeho kwika, no hushya, kurusha utwo ku mutwe. Urrubuto rweze neza byo gusarurwa rugoba kuba rugeze ku ngano yihariye ya buri bwoko. Ibi bijyana n’ ubunararibonye mu buhinzi bw’ inanasi.

However, ingano y’ urubuto ubwayo yonyine si ikimenyetso ndakuka cy’ uko urubuto rweze rwo gusarurwa. Igomba kurebwa hamwe n’ ibara ry’ uruhu n’ uko ubuso buringaniye. Kwera hari isano ikomeye hagati yo kwera k’ urubuto n’ ingano y’ isukari iri mu rubuto. Urubuto rw’ iananasi rwakagombye kugira 12% by’ isukari mu gice cyo hasi na 10% hafi y’ umutwe. Ibi bikorwa bafata ibice bibiri by’ urubuto, kimwe aho urubuto rufite umurambararo munini, ikindi muri 1/3 cyo hejuru hanyuma ugakanda umutobe muri buri gice mu gikoresho cyabugenewe   (refractometer).

Ibi bikurikira ni ibirango by’ ubwiza wagenderaho ushyira inanasi mu byiciro:

• Guhisha (icyatsikibisi guhunduka umuhondo)bigomba kuba nibura  75%. Ingano y’ isukari ku busharire igomba kuba hagati ya 18 – 20. Isukari igomba gupimishwa refaragitometero, ubusharire bugapimishwa aside citilike (citric acid). Ubusharire bw’ isukari bwiyongera uko igenda ishya.
• Kuba inanasi zose zisa mu ngano no mu ishusho.
• Kuba zitarangwaho ubusembwa bwo kubora cyangwa gukomereka.
• Kuba zose zihuje ibara ry’ uruhu.
• Ibibabi byo ku mutwe  - ibara ry’ icyatsi kibisi, uburebure buringaniye kandi bidatendera.

3.0 Gusarura  

imbuto z’ inanasi ntiziyongera ubwiza bwo kuribwa nyuma yo gusarurwa. N’ ingano y’ isukari zifite ntiyiyongera nyuma yo gusarurwa. Kubw’ ibyo rero urubuto rugomba gucibwa igihe gikwiye kugirango rube rubereye isoko ruzacuruzwaho. Zigomba gusarurwa iyo zihishije nibura kuri 75% ( guhindura ibara ry’ uruhu kuva ku cyatsikibisi ruba umuhondo no gukomera.

Byemezwa ko inanasi zeze iyo zageze ku ngano yazo nini ishoboka, kandi zifite ibara ryiza ry’ umuhondo, bitewe n’ ubwoko. Inanasi ziba zihishije zigomba gusarurwa igihe uruhu rwose ruhinduka umuhondo kandi inanasi ikaba igaragaza umubiri umubiri wa oranje-umuhondo. Ni akarusho gusarura urubuto ruhishije neza kuko nyuma yo gusarurwa ntirwiyongera mu buryohe n’ ubwo uruhu rw’ inyuma rukomeza guhisha.

Birakomeye kuvuga igihe inanasi igomba gusarurwa. Inanasi yeze neza iyo uyikozeho iba iikomeye.  Ku nanasi zo guhita ziribwa, zisarurwa iyo ijisho rimwe cyangwa abiri ahishije ni ukuvuga ijisho rimwe cyangwa abiri yok u ndiba yahinduye ibara. Ariko rero, gukoresha iki kimenyetso biterwa n’ ubwoko bw’ inanasi ndetse n’ isoko zizerekeraho. Ku minsi 127 zitangiye kurabya, imbuto zigera ku kigero cya 25% cyo guhindura ibara ry’ umubiri bivugako ¼ cy’ urubuto kigaragaza ibara ryiza rya oranje-umuhondo ubusanzwe, gusarura bikorwa hagati y’ iminsi 7 na 14 urubuto ruhindutse umuhondo. Mu gihe cyo gusarura inanasi zeze, koresha icyuma gisukuye cyangwa agakero ubundi ukate inanasi ku ruti mu nsi y’ indiba y’ urubuto. Mbere yo gukata, banza uhanagure aho ukatisha ukoresheje alikolo kugirango udakwirakwiza indwara ku bihingwa no ku mibyare irimo gukura. Iyo usaruye inanasi mbere y’uko zihindura ibara burundu, ushobora kuzireka zigahindura ibara ziri mu nzu ku bushyuhe bw’ icyumba busanzwe. Ntushyire imbuto muri firigo zitarahisha neza kuko ubukonje bubangamira igikorwa cyo gushya cy’ inanasi kandi bukaba bwakangiza inanasi. Ushobora kubika inanasi zihishije muri firigo igihe cy’ icyumweru mbere yo kuzikoresha.

Ibimenyetso byo kwera by’ imbere ni ijanisha ry’ amasukari n’ uko urubuto rusa. Ingano y’ ubuso bw’ urubuto bwahindutse umuhondo ishobira kwifashishwa mu kugena gihe cyo gusarura ku moko amwe n’ amwe. Akenshi, uko uruhu ruba umuhondo (kororofile nkeya) , niko urubuto ruba rukuze kandi rweze. Mu gihe cyo kwera kw’ inanasi,  uruhu rugenda ruhindura ibara riva ku cyasti kibisi rihinduka umuhondo riba umutuku w’ ikigina. 

Iyo urubuto rurekewe kuri nyina kugeza rweze rwose, ruzagira icyanga kitari kiza kubera isukari nyinshi no kugabanuka k’ ubusharire. Urubuto kandi ruzaba rushobora kwangirika vuba. Ku kigero cyo hejuru cyo gushya cyane, ibara ry’ uruhu ry’ urubuto rihinduka umutuku w’ikigina. Igihe urubuto rwasaruwe, guhinduka kw’ ibara ry’ uruhu n’ ikigero cyo kuba umuhondo ntibigomba gukoreshwa nk’ ikimenyetso cyo kwera kuko guhinduka nyuma yo gusarurwa ntaho bihuriye n’ ubwiza mu kuribwa. Ibigero by’ amabara birimo ibi byiciro bikurikira:.

• CS1: amaso yose ni icyatsi kibisi, nta kantu k’ umuhondo karangwamo
• CS2: 5 kuri 20%  y’ amaso ni umuhondo
• CS3: 20 kuri 40% y’ amaso ni umuhondo
• CS4: 40 kuri 80% y’ amaso ni umuhondo
• CS5: 90% y’ amaso ni umuhondo, 5 kuri 20% umutuku w’ ikigina
• CS6: 20 kuri 100% by’ amaso ni umutuku w’ ikigina