UBUHINZI BW’ URUSENDA

1.      Iriburiro

isoko:  https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/chilli-pepper/infos

 Urusenda ni kimwe mu bihingwa by’ imboga by’ ingenzi bihingwa mu Rwanda. Insenda zera neza mu birere bishuha kandi zigira igihe kirekire cyo gukura. Ibihingwa bisaba ikirere gishyuha kurusha inyanya kandi bigirwaho ingaruka n’ ubukonje. Ubushyuhe buri hagati ya 5^oC na 15^oC butuma rukura nabi. Ubushyuhe buri hafi ya 24^oC nibwo bwiza ku moko menshi y’ urusenda rw’ icyatsi. Iki gihingwa kigirwaho ingaruka n’ ubushyuhe bwo hejuru cyane n’ ubwo gikenera ikirere gishyuha. Hejuru ya 32^oC indabo ziba zenda kugwa n’ imbuto nkeya niba zihari, zizaho ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru ya 35^oC cyane cyane iyo ubu bushyuhe bufatanije n’ imiyaga yumye. Imbuto ziza muri bene ubwo bushyuhe bwo hejuru zikunze kuba zimeze nabi. Izo mbuto kandi ziba zifite ibyago byo gutwikwa n’ izuba. Insenda zose ni amoko y’ibihingwa ari mu bwoko bwa Capsicum, arimo Capsicum annum (urugero: jalapeños na cayennes), C. frutescens (urugero: tabasco na piri piri), C. chinense (urugero: habaneros na Scotch bonnet), C. pubescens (urugero: rocoto na locoto) na C. baccatum (urugero: insenda za aji) n’ ibyimanyi byazo, birimo zimwe mu nsenda zishyuha cyane zizwi. Bidatunguranye, iki gihingwa gihingirwa cyane cyane umusaruro w’ imbuto zacyo zikoreshwa nk’ ikirungo.

Insenda zikarishye ni igihingwa kimara imyaka myinshi mu murima kikagira imiterere itandukanye.

Igihingwa cy'urusenda. https://fortuneofafrica.com/rwanda/chilli/

Urusenda  rukarishye (chili) ruyoboye  isoko ry’ ibirungo ku isi, naho urusenda rworoshye rwahindutse  uruboga rukunzwe n’ igihingwa ngandurabukungu mu bihugu bishyuha ku bahizni bafite ibikorwa bito mu bihugu biri mu nzira y’ amajyambere birimo n' u Rwanda.

2.     Amoko y’ insenda

Ubwoko	Igihe yerera	Ibiranga ubwoko
Kamurari (Capsicum frutescence) Isoko: E-Hinga.com	Iminsi 110	Indabo ziba ari umweru ziifite utubabi tw’ umweru ujya kuba icyatsi cyangwa umuhondo ujya kuba icyatsi. Indabo zibangurirwa n’ udusimba cyangwa zikibangurira. Zikunze kuba ari nto cyane kandi zihumura, zikura kugera kuri 10-20 mm z’ uburebure na 3-7 mm mu mubyimba.  Imbuto zikura ari umuhondo wererutse zikaba umutuku ugaragara cyane iyo zikuze, ariko zishobora no kuba andi mabara.
Pilipili (Capsicum chinense)   Isoko: E-Hinga.com	Iminsi 120-150	Zigira ubushyuhe budasanzwe n’ uburyohe bwihariye Amababi manini y’ icyatsi ananutse kandi yihinahinnye afite indabo ebyiri kugera kuri esheshatu kuri buri pfundo.
Urusenda rurerure (Capsicum baccatum) Isoko: E-Hinga.com	Iminsi 90	Amoko ava ku akarishye gake rwose kugera ku akarishye biringaniye. Insenda zishyuha zigira imbuto (ibitumbwe) ipfunyaraye ifite ibicucu by’ amabara agaragara asa n’ icunga rihishije, umuhondo n’ umutuku.  Uburebure buba buri hagati ya 2.54 cm kugera kuri 5.08 cm.
Urusenda (Capsicum pubescence ) Isoko: E-Hinga.com	Iminsi 60-90	- Uko imbuto (ibitumbwe) ishya, ihinduka umuhondo cyangwa umutuku kandi by’ umwihariko ikura kugera ku ngano nk’ iya pome ntoya. Zirakanjika zikanagira amazi menshi.
Puwavuro (Capsicum annuum) Isoko: E-Hinga.com	Iminsi 120-210	Zikurira kuri 1 m kuri 1 m ku kigero kiringaniye. Ubu bwoko ni ikinyabibiri. Rigira icyanga cyenda kuryoha ho gato.

 

3.  Ibisabwa aho waruhinga    

Urusenda ni igihingwa gihingwa mu gihembwe gishyuha kandi cyera neza mu moko menshi y’ ubutaka. Ubutaka bugomba kuba bufite ubusharire buri hagati ya 6 na 7. Insenda ntabwo zihanganira ubutaka bwuzuye amazi, bityo zigomba guterwa mu butaka buciwemo inzira z’ amazi cyangwa imitabo izamuye. Insenda zigomba guterwa ahantu hakira izuba ryuzuye mu gihe kirekire cy’umunsi.

Ubutaka Insenda zishyuha zikunda ahantu hashyuha kandi hatibasirwa n’ ubukonje kandi hakagerwa n’ amazi.. Ingano nziza y’ ubuhehere bw’ ubutaka ni 60% ariko ntabwo zera neza ahantu hareka amazi kuko rugira imizi migufi. Ikigero cyiza cy’ ubusharire ni 6-7.

Imvura Insenda zikarishye zisaba hafi mm600 z’ amazi mu gihembwe mu bwoko bw’ imvura cyangwa kuhirwa. Mu kurabya no kuza kw’ imbuto, amazi agomba kuba ahagije kandi hakirindwa ko yareka kuko igihingwa kitabyihanganira.

Ubushyuhe: Urusenda rusaba ubushyuhe bwiza buri hagati ya 18⁰C na 30⁰C kandi iyo ubushyuhe bugeze munsi ya 10 ⁰C rureka gukura. Ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru ya 38 ⁰C igihingwa kiba gishobora gutakaza imbuto cyangwa indabo.

Ubutumburuke: Insenda zikura neza ku butumburuke bugera kuri m2000 hejuru y’ urugero rw’ inyanja.

4.    Ibisabwa mu gutubura imbuto no kuzemeza 

Imbuto ziba zamaze kwera mu buryo bw’ imikorere iminsi 40-45 nyuma yo kurabya. Imbuto zisarurwa iyo ibara ryahindutse umutuku w' urusenda.  Imbuto zibonetse mu masoroma 5 kugera kuri 6 ya mbere nizo zikoreshwa mu kubona imbuto yo gutera.  Imbuto zumishijwe zuzuzwa umutiba cyangwa agahago k’ umwenda zigahurishwa ikibando cy’ umugano cyangwa imashini itanga imbuto z’ urusenda maze imbuto zigatandukanywa n’ ibisigazwa.

Imbuto z’ urusenda  Isoko https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/chilli-seeds-8700296312.html

 

 

5.  Kubungabunga uburumbuke bw' ubutaka

Mu ihingwa ry’ urusenda, ingano y’ ifumbire nicyo kintu cyonyine cy’ ingenzi kigena ukwera neza kw’ igihingwa. Ahari imicungire myiza ibi bihingwa bishobora kwera mu bihe bitandukanye, ariko ibihe bimwe na bimwe birufasha kwera neza kurusha ibindi.

Imbonerahamwe: ingano y’ ifumbire ikwiriye kuri hegitari n’igihe cy’ ikoreshwa

	Ifumbire y’ imborera	Intungagihingwa zikwiriye (N:P:K) kg/ha	Ifumbire mvaruganda
			NPK (17-17-17)	KCl (0-0-60)	Urea IRE (46-0-0)
	20-25	130:80:110	470	50	130
Igihe	Mu gutera	-	Icyumweru kimwe nyuma yo gutera		iminsi 30 nyuma y’ ishyirwamo ry NPK 17-17-17

 

Mu micungire myiza, ibihingwa bigomba gufumbizwa 470.5 kg/ha, 130 kg /ha bya Ire na 50 kg za KCI. Icyumweru kimwe nyuma yo gutera, NPK 17-17-17 na KCI yose agomba gukoreshwa. Ire igomba gukoreshwa iminsi 30 nyuma y’ ifumbira rya mbere.

6.  Ibura ry’ intungagihingwa

a)Azote

Igira uruhare runini mu gukura kw’ igihingwa kandi ishinzwe ikorwa rya korofile na za aside zigize za poroteyines. Ibura rya azote rishobora kugira ingaruka ikomeye ku mikurire n’ ubuzima rusange bw’ igihingwa cy’ urusenda. Ni intungagihingwa yimuka cyane ituma amababi abanza guhinduka umuhondo, ikibazo kikazamuka mu gihingwa hejuru.  Iyo ikibazo cyakomeye, amababi ashobora kugira ibizinga by' ikigina cyangwa move kandi igihingwa kigatakaza amababi. Igihingwa kiragwingira rwose kandi byatwara igihe kirekire ngo igihingwa gikire. Amababi yafashwe ntakira iyo avuwe.

Ntibisanzwe ko ibura rya azote ryaterwa bya nyabyo no kubura kwa azote, ahubwo igihingwa kiba kidashobora kuyigeraho.  Impamvu rusange ni amazi menshi. Amazi aretse hafi y’ imizi atuma igihingwa kigorwa no gufata azote. Wigerageza kongeramo ifumbire kuko azote ikabije izagira ingaruka mu gukingirana izindi ntungagihingwa nka kalisiyumu. Reka ubutaka bwumuke maze uringanize amazi. Gutera imyunyu ya Epsom (Silifate ya Manyeziyumu) ku mababi ku kigero cy’ ibiyiko 2 muri litiro.ibi bizafasha mu ikorwa rya kororofile kandi byihutishe ugukira.

 

b)Potasiyumu

Potasiyumu igira uruhare rw’ ingenzi mu buzima bw’ igihingwa, ifasha mu kurema uruti rukomeye, gufasha igihingwa kwikorera ibigitunga no gufasha mu guhangana n’ indwara. Ibura rya Potasiyumu rirangwa n’ uko imitwe y’ amababi n’ impera hagati mu gihingwa bishobora guhinduka inzobe bikanapfaAmababi makuru ashobora kugaragaza uruvange rw’ amabara kandi uruti rukavunika byoroshye. Ibura rya Potasiyumu rishobora guterwa no gutakaza amazi bikabije kw’ igihingwa,bityo genzura ubuhehere muri grinihawuzi yawe maze umishemo amazi niba humye cyane. Potasiyumu ishobora no kwimurwa no kuba kalisiyumu cyangwa Sodiyumu ari nyinshi mu butaka, bityo ugomba kugenzura ibyo ugaburira igihingwa n’ ubutaka. Nk’urugero, ibishogoshogo bibi bishobora kongera umunyu mu ifumbire y’imborera. Kugaburira igihingwa ibikungahaye kuri Potasiyumu cyangwa Potashi nk’ ibikomoka ku nyanya bikemura iki kibazo.

c)Kalisiyumu

Kalisiyumu ni ingenzi mu kwigabanya k’ utunyangingo kandi ibura ryayo riranga n’ uko ugukura gushya kutaba kuri ku kigero gishimishije n’ uruti rukabura imbaraga. Amababi mashya agaragara yihinahinnye, afite ishusho y’ igitonyanga kandi imbibi zigapfa. Ibice bisanzwe byarakuze ntibigirwaho ingaruka kuko kalisiyumu ariyo ntungagihingwa irusha izindi kutimuka. Niba kalisiyumu ibuze mu gihe cyo kugira imbuto, ibihingwa bishobora kugira ikibazo cyo kubora kw’ impera z’ ugupfundura, n’ ibizinga by’ ugupfa kujwenze amazi ku mpera iriho indabyo y’ umusogwe.

Gushyiramo CaMg (ifumbire irimo kalisiyumu na manyeziyumu) byafasha ariko byaba ari ibidasanzwe ko mu ifumbire y’ imborera yo mu murima haba hatarimo kalisiyumu ihagije, ubusanzwe biba byatewe no gufatwa kw’ intungagihingwa.  Azote ikabije na/cyangwa Potasiyumu bigabanya ubushobozi bw’ igihingwa bwo gufata kalisiyumu, ku bw’ ibyo genzura niba udashyiramo izirengeje. Ibura rya Kalisiyumu rishobora no guterwa n’ uko igihingwa gitutubikana. Niba ibyo uhingamo bihora byumagaye, ibi byakomeza kandi ugomba guhindura gahunda ukurikiza mu kuhira.

 

d)Ubutare (Feri)

Ubutare bugira umumaro w’ ingenzi mu ikorwa rya kororofile n’ imisemburo y’ ibinyabuzima. Ukubura kw’ uyu munyu gutera kugwingira kw’ igihingwa mu nsenda zikariha kandi kukarangwa n’ ugupfa hagati y’ imirongo y’ ikibabi, cyangwa amababi agahinduka umuhondo mu gihe imirongo yo mu mababi aguma ari ubururu. Bigira ingaruka ku gukura gushya. Ibizinga by’ ibibara bigaragara mbere ariko bishobora gukura bigakwira ikibabi cyose. Iyo ikibazo cyakomeye, utunyangingo tw’ ikibabi duhinduka umweru burundu.

Mu ifumbire y’ imborera cyangwa mu butaka hakunze kuba hari ubutare buhagije ibyo igihingwa gikeneye. Ugufatirwa kw’ intungagihingwa zifitemo ubutare rikunze gutera ibura ry’ ubutare; ibi bishobora kuba ubusharire buke bw’ ubutaka, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru cyane cyangwa Fosifore nyinshi mu ifumbire. Bigenzure kandi ubuhindure uko bikenewe. Ibura ry’ ubutare rishobora gukosorwa hakoreshwa ubutare bukikijwe n’ izindi ntungagihingwa, bukunze kuboneka aho bacururiza ibijyanye n’ ubuhinzi. Tera ku mababi kimwe cya kabiri cy’ ingano itegetswe. Uzabona icyatsi cyongera kugaruka mu mababi mu minsi mike kandi, uretse ibizinga by’ umweru burundu, utunyangingo tw’ ikibabi tuzakira rwose. Itondere guha ibihingwa ubutare bwinshi kuko ibi nanone byabuza igihingwa kubona Fosifore.

1. Silifire

Silifire igira uruhare rukomeye mu gukura kw’ imizi no kugeza kororofile aho ikenewe. Ugukura ko hagati kugirwaho ingaruka mbere, guhinduka umuhondo ukwirakwiye mu kibabi cyose harimo no mu mirongo yo mu kibabi. Cyane cyane ugupfa guhera mu ruhande rw’ ikibabi rwegereye uruti, kugakomeza kujya hanze. Niba bitagenzuwe, igihingwa cyose cyagerwaho n’ ingaruka. Ubushyuhe bukabije bubuza igihingwa gufata Silifire bityo ugomba kugenzura ubushyuhe bw' aho uhinze (nko mu nzu ihingwamo) ugatuma hinjiramo umwuka uhagije. Gutera ku mababi imyunyu ngugu ya Episomi (Silifate ya Manyeziyumu) ivanze n’ amazi ku kigero cy’ ibiyiko 2 muri litiro y’ amazi.

1. Manyeziyumu

Manyeziyumu ifasha gushyigikira utunyangingo tuzima tw’ amababi, cyane cyane imirongo yo mu kibabi. Ifasha igihingwa mu kwikorera ibyo kugitunga kandi ikenerwa mu ngano nyinshi. Ukubura kwayo kurangwa no gupfa kw’ amababi yo hasi, ahera ku mutwe ajyamo imbere, rimwe na rimwe bikazenguruka imiguno y’ ikibabi. Ibice byagizweho ingaruka bishobora guhinduka umuhondo werurutse ariko imirongo yo mu kibabi ikaguma isa n’ icyatsi.
Ugomba gutera ku mababi umunyu ngugu wa Episomi uvanze n’ amazi ibiyiko 2  muri litiro y’ amazi. Iyi niyo nzira yihuse yo guha ibihingwa Manyeziyumu kandi ituma imyunyu ngugu itiyubakira hamwe nk’ uko byari kugenda iyo igihingwa gikura Manyeziyumu mu butaka. Genzura ifumbire yawe; Manyeziyumu ishobora kubuzwa gutambuka no kuba Potasiyumu ari nyinshi, muri iki gihe gushyiramo imyunyu ngugu ya Episomi bigira amumaro muto cyangwa se ukanabura.

1. Fosifore

Intungagihingwa y’ ingenzi, Fosifore ijyana no gukurana imbaraga ku gihingwa cyose hamwe, cyane cyane ugukura kw’ imizi no kororoka. Iyo Fosifore ari nkeya, kugwingira cyangwa imikurire mibi birigaragaza. Amababi akuze agira ibara ry’ icyatsi cyijimye, gihinduka move kandi igihingwa ntigikunze kurabya. Ibibazo bishobora gukwira mu gihingwa cyose niba Fosifore yabuze cyane. Ibihingwa by’ insenda zikariha bigorwa no gufata Fosifore iyo ubushyuhe buri hasi cyane cyangwa ubutaka bushaririye cyane. Kuba ubutare bwaba bwinshi nabyo byatuma igihingwa kigorwa no gufata Fosifore, n’ ubwo bidakunda kubaho keretse niba umaze igihe ubwongeramo. Koresha ifumbire iyo ariyo yose ifite ingano nyinshi ya Fosifore, nk’ ibikomoka ku nyanya cyangwa ibikomoka ku magufa bigira ingaruka nyuma y’ igihe kirekire.

 

 

7.  Ubuhinzi bwivugurura   

Gusasira Bikangura ugukora kw’ utunyabuzima duto two mu butaka binyuze mu kuvugurura imiterere y’ ubutaka. Bigabanya kandi ikoreshwa ry’ amafumbire ya Azote, bikavugurura imiterere kamere y’ ubutaka, kandi rikabangamira ikura ry’ ibyatsi, ibyo byose bigafasha mu gukura neza kw’ igihingwa. Koresha ugusasira (ifumbire y’ amababi mabisi), ifumbire y’ imborera mu gukungahaza ubutaka ku ntungagihingwa.

Urusenda rusasiye           Isoko www.scielo.br

Gusimburanya imyaka mu murima: Mu kuvanga imyaka hindaguranya imyaka mu rwego rwo guha imbaraga urusobe rw’ utunyabuzima two mu butaka no kuzamura umusaruro. Kurikiza gahunda yo gusimburanya ibihingwa byibura imyaka ine ku butaka bumwe. Igihingwa cy’ ingenzi kizahinduka buri mwaka. Mu gihe hahinzwe urusenda rumara imyaka myinshi ku butaka, hinga indi myaka itatu y’ ibanze mbere y’ uko wongera guhinga urusenda.

Kuvanga imyaka: Ni uguhingira rimwe imyaka ibiri cyangwa iruseho ku butaka bumwe. Binasobanuye kandi guhinga ibihingwa bibiri cyangwa birenzeho haterwa igihingwa cya kabiri nyuma y’ uko icya mbere cyarangije gukura kwacyo. Ushobora guhingana urusenda na tungurusumu, ibitunguru cyangwa ibinyamisogwe.

8.  Gutegura umurima

a)Guhitamo ahazahingwa no gutegura umurima

• Aho gushyira ubuhumbikiro heza hagomba kuba hagerwa n’ izuba kandi hatarahinzwe ibihingwa byo mu muryango w’ ibyo ugiye kuhahinga mu bihembwe 3-4 bishize. Ubutaka bw’ ubuhumbikiro bugomba kuba bugerwaho n’ umwuka uhagije, buciyemo inzira z’ amazi kandi bufite ubusharire budateje ikibazo. Hagomba guhingwa mu bujyakuzimu bwa 20-30 cm kandi amabuye, ibyatsi n’ ibisigazwa by’ ibihingwa bigakurwamo.
• Ubuhumbikiro bugomba kurindwa indwara n’ ibyonnyi. Bugomba gushyirwamo ifumbire y’ imborera iboze neza (kg5/m²) n’ ifumbire mvaruganda nka NPK 17-17-17 (g20/m²)
• Kora imitabo izamuwe ifite ubugari bwa m1-1.2 na cm20 z’ ubujyakuzimu.
• Kubiba no kwita ku buhumbikiro
• Ingano y’ imbuto ikenewe ni 0.5-1 kg kuri hegitari 1 (5-10 g kuri ari 1). Ni ngombwa gukoresha imbuto itarengeje igihe kandi ukuye ku bacuruza imbuto bizewe.
• Ku munsi wo kubiba, ubuso bw’ umutabo buraringanizwa kandi bugacibwamo imirongo ya 0.5 cm z’ ubujyakuzimu hakoreshejwe inkoni. Imbuto zibibwa mu mirongo ihanye intera ya 10-15 cm x 2 cm maze zigatwikirizwa agataka, maze ukarenzaho isaso (ibyatsi byumye) bigakurikirwa no kuvomerera ku buryo buhoraho.
• Iyo zimaze kumera (nka nyuma y’ icyumweru), isaso ikurwaho. Ingemwe zigomba kurindwa izuba.
• Niba ingemwe zicucitse mu mutabo, ningombwa kwicira kugirango urumuri rujye ruzinjiramo.
• Imiti yica uduhumyo nka Mankozebu (ditani, 2.5 g /litiro y’ amazi) n’ imiti yica udukoko nka Lambda-cyhalothrin (1 m / litiro y’ amazi) ishobora gukoreshwa niba bibaye ngombwa.

Kugirango ingemwe zikomere, kuvomerera kenshi biragabanywa kandi ingemwe ntizikingirwe izuba icyumweru 1-2 mbere yo kugemura.

• Ishusho 1 Urusenda mu buhumbikiro. Isoko www.busv.org

    Icyitonderwa: Imbuto zabibwa mu bihoho bya 7.5 cm mu mubyimba bikozwe mu birere cyangwa muri Pulasitiki. Ibihoho byuzuzwa imvange y’ ubutaka n’ ifumbire yaboze neza ku kigera cya 2:1. Muri buri gihoho haterwa imbuto ebyiri mu bujyakuzimu bwa 0.5-1 cm. Nyuma yo kugaragara kw’ amababi 2-3, urugemwe rumwe ruri gukura neza nirwo ukomezanya kuri buri gihoho, urundi rukarandurwa. Gukoresha udukereti tw' imbuto mu buhumbikiro nabyo ni byiza.

 Guhitamo umurima, no kuwutegura.

• Umurima mwiza w’ urusenda ntugomba kuba waratewemo inyanya, intoryi, ibirayi, tamarilo n’ itabi cyangwa ibindi bihingwa byo mu muryango wa Solanase mu bihembwe 3-4 byabanje. Umurima ugomba guhingwa bakageza kure, ibisigazwa by’ ibihingwa bigakurwamo, maze ukaringanizwa.  Ibyiza ni ugutera ingemwe z’ urusenda ku mitabo, buri wose ufite 1-1.20 m mu bugari n’ uburebure buringaniye kandi hari inzira ya 40 cm hagati y’ imitabo.

 

9.  Imicungire y’ igihingwa

1. Amafumbire

Mu buhinzi bw’ insenda ziryohera n’ izikarishye, gufumbira neza nicyo kintu cy’ ingenzi kigenga ukwera neza kw’ igihingwa. Ibi bihingwa bishobora guhingwa ahantu henshi hatandukanye niba byitaweho neza, ariko hamwe na hamwe bihakunda kurusha ahandi. Mu micungire myiza, ibihingwa bigomba gufumbizwa 470.5 kg /ha bya NPK (17-17-17), 130 Kg /ha bya Ire na 50 Kg za KCI. Haba NPK 17-17-17 cyangwa KCI byose bigomba gufumbizwa icyumweru nyuma yo gutera. Ire igomba gukoreshwa iminsi 30 nyuma y’ ifumbira rya mbere.

2. Kubagara no gusasira

Kubagara bigomba gukorwa mu buryo buhoraho mu kurinda umurima ibyatsi mu rwego rwo kwirinda ko byacura igihingwa intungagihingwa, urumuri n’ amazi. Ni ngombwa gusasira mu rwego rwo kwirinda isuri, kuringaniza ubushyuhe mu butaka no kubungabunga ubuhehere mu butaka. Kuhira ubutaka ku myaka nabyo byakorwa nyuma y’ ibyumweru 2-3 kugemura bikozwe. Igikorwa cyo kuhira no gusasira ubutaka kizafasha mu gukuramo ibyatsi.

3. Kuvomerera

Kugaburira imizi y’ igihingwa cy’ urusenda amazi ahagije ni ingenzi. Kugiha amazi make cyangwa meshi cyane byagira ingaruka zikomeye cyane ku musaruro w’ igihingwa. Ni ngombwa rero guha ibihingwa amazi ku bihe bikwiye. Kuvomerera koroheje ariko gukozwwe kenshi kuba gukenewe mu butaka bw’ umucanga. Kuhiza amazi menshi ariko haciyemo igihe kirekire bizakenerwa mu butaka bw’ ibumba. Mu gutegura kuvomerera, ingano y’ imizi mu gihe cyo kuvomerera igomba kwitabwaho. Muri rusange, imizi ishobora kugereranywa n’ igice cy’ igihingwa cyo hejuru y’ ubutaka. Imizi ikwirakwira mu butaka ku kigero kimwe n’ icyo igice cyo hejuru y’ ubutaka gikuraho.

Ku byerekeye kuvomerera, gukura k’ urusenda kugabanywamo ibyiciro bine by’ imikurire.

• Icyiciro cya 1: Gufata:  Gishobora gufata ibyumweru 2. Urugemwe iyo rumaze gufata nibwo igihingwa gitangira gukura mu by' ukuri. Hakoreshwa ingano nke y’ amazi. Nyuma yo gufata k’ urugemwe kugeza mbere gato y’ ukurabya kwa mbere, ni ngombwa cyane kugabanya amazi cyane. Bizatuma imizi ikura cyane mu butaka ishakisha ahari amazi. Ibi bizatuma igihingwa nikigera mu gihe cyo kuzana imbuto kibasha kwihanganira ibihe bikomeye kuberako imizi yiyongereye.
• Icyiciro cya 2: Gukura kw’ ibice by’ igihingwa, igihingwa gikura vuba, kiyongera mu bunini no mu burebure. Amashami aravuka. Iki cyiciro kirangizwa n' ipfundika ry' indabo.
• Icyiciro cya 3: kuza kw’ imbuto: Gukura kuba kwageze ku kigero cyako cyo hejuru. Muri iki cyiciro nibwo igihingwa gikoresha amazi menshi mu buzima byacyo.
•   Icyiciro cya 4: Guhisha no gusarurwa: Igihingwa kiba gitwaye imitwaro myinshi. Ingano y’ amazi akoreshwa itangira kugabanuka.

ibihingwa by’ urusenda rukariha https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/chilli-pepper/infos

 

 

10.  Kurwanya indwara n’ ibyonnyi

a) Ibyonnyi by'urusenda

Icyonnyi	Ingaruka	Uko kirwanywa
Ubusurira   Isoko:  www. Infonet biovision.org	Ubusurira bunyunyusa amatembabuzi y’ igihingwa. Butera igihingwa mu gihe cy’ izuba n’ igihe igihingwa kimaze gukura Butera ibara rijya gusa n’ umukara ku bikikije indabo no ku misogwe. Dutwara ama virusi.	Ubusurira bushobora kurwanywa rwose hakoreshejwe gutera igihingwa imiti yica udukoko nka siperimetrine (ml1/l y’ amazi) mu ntera y’ iminsi 15
Isazi y’ umweru  isoko:  http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/content/chilli-whitefly	Yangiza ibihingwa mu buryo butatu. Anyunyusa amatembabuzi yo mu mababi. Inyo zayo zisohora amatembabuzi yererutse arimo isukari azwi nk’ ikime cy’ ubuki, akunze gutwikira ikibabi burundu mu gihe igihingwa kibasiriwe cyane. Icyo kime cy’ ubuki cyorohereza gukura k’ uruhumbu rusa n’ umukara w’ umwotsi, bituma ikibabi gishobora guhinduka umukara bigira ingaruka ku ikorwa ry’ ibitunga igihingwa. Amasazi y’ umweru atwara indwara ziterwa na virusi nko kwihinahina kw’ amababi y’ urusenda, indwara y’ ingwe, serrano golden mosaic na virusi ya gemini y’ urusenda ya Texas.	Rindira ingemwe mu rushundura ruzirinda udusimba kuugeza zigeze igihe cyo kugemurwa. Bungabunga abanzi kamere b’ iyi sazi. Ibivumvuri bizirya, imiswa izihiga, laybird beetles na lacewings ni abanzi kamere b’ ingenzi b’ amasazi y’ umweru. Teraho ibikomoka ku giti cya nimu.
Tiripusi z' urusenda isoko:  www.platix.net	Zirya ibice byose by’ igihingwa biba hejuru y’ ubutaka. Ziba zihishe munsi y’ ibikikije ururabo. Igihingwa cyangirika biturutse ku kuba zipfumura amababi zikanyunyuza amatembabuzi ayaturutsemo. Zishashagirana nk’ umuringa zikagaragaza utuzinga duto twijimye tw’ amabyi munsi. Iyo igihingwa cyibasiriwe cyane, amababi yihina agana hejuru, akipfunyarika bikarangira yumye. Zibasira ingemwe n’ ibihingwa bikiri bito zikadindiza gukura kw’ igihingwa. Utu dusimba dukwirakwiza virusi y’ ukuma kw’ ibirabara yo mu nyanya mu rusenda. Dorsalis zikwirakwiza indwara yo guhinamirana amababi k’ urusenda.	Abanzi kamere b’ ingenzi barimo ibibugu bya antokoride, imiswa ihiga utu dusimba n’ ibitagangurirwa. Ibikorwa by’ ubuhinzi nko kuvomerera nyuma y’ igihe runaka no kunyuzamo isuka byagabanya ubukana bw’ icyonnyi,  Niba ibihingwa byugarijwe n’ icyonnyi cyane, bitere imiti yica udukoko nka Siperimetrine (1ml/litiro y’amazi) ushyiramo intera y’ iminsi 15.

b)   Indwara z' urusenda

Indwara	Ibimenyetso	Kubirwanya
Akaribata  (Colletotrichum capsici)   Isoko: researchgate.net	Agahumyo gafata imbuto kagira ingaruka ku mbuto zihishije. Agahumyo gakora ibizinga by’ umukara bisa n’ ibyinjiyemo kugera kuri cm2.5 byambukiranyije urusenda ruryoha. Ibyo bizinga bigaragara ku mbuto z’ icyatsi n’ izihishije kandi bishobora gufata ubuso bwose mu gihe ikirere gihehereye bikagira utwenge tw’ ibara rya pink ya Salmon.	Koresha imbuto y’ indobanure idafite indwara. Niba ukoresheje imbuto wikoreye wowe ubwawe, banza uyiteho ukoresheje amazi ashyushye. Sukura umurima (gukuraho ibisigazwa by’ imyaka nyuma yo gusarura)
Kuma guterwa na bagiteri (Ralstonia solanacearum) Isoko:  Infonet-biviosion.org	Kuba ku bimera bitatanye cyangwa amatsinda y’ ibimera mu murima. Igihingwa cyose kiruma kandi amababi atabaye umuhondo.                        Iyi bagiteri ishobora gukomeza kubaho mu butaka igihe kirekire. Iyi ndwara yoroherezwa no kuba hari ubuhehere n’ ubushyuhe. Urusenda ntirwibasirwa cyane nk’ intoryi, ibirayi, itabi cyangwa inyanya.	Tera amoko y’ imbuto ibasha guhangana n’ indwara. Ntuhinge mu murima aho uku kubora guterwa na bagiteri kwigeze kugaragara. Randura imyaka yumye mu murima. Rwanya utunyorogoto dutera kugira amapfundo kw’ imizi. Gukoresha amafumbire y’ imborera bishobora guca intege agakoko gatera kubora guterwa na bagiteri mu butaka.
kuma gutewe n’ agahumyo ka Fuzariyumu. (Fusarium oxysporum  f.sp. capsici) Isoko:  Koppert.com	Amababiyo hasi aruma agahinduka umuhondo. . Igihingwa cyose kiruma. Amababi y’ igihingwa cyibasiriwe aguma afasheho n’ inzira z’ ibitunga igihingwa.	Tera imbuto ihangana n’ iyi ndwara niba ihari. Shyira ishwagara mu butaka kandi ushyiremo inzira nziza amazi yacamo.
Milidiyu y’ ifu (Leveillula taurica) Isoko:  farmsweekly.co.za	Ibibara bijya gusa n’ umuhondo bigaragara ku buso bwo hejuru bw’ ikibabi. Ubuso bw’ ikibabi butwikirwa no gukura kw’ agahumyo kumeze nk’ agafu gafite ibara ry’ umweru kugera ku ibara ry’ ivu. Gutakaza amababi bitera kugabanuka kw’ ingano n’ umubare by’ imbuto. Bituma imbuto zitwikwa n’ izuba.	Tera imbuto zibasha kwihanganira iyi ndwara niba ziboneka. Koresha imiti yica uduhumyo ishingiye kuri Sulfure (urugero Copper oxychloride) ibimenyetso by’ indwara bigitangira kugaragara. Kuramo ibisigazwa by’ ibihingwa mu murima ukimara gusarura ubirimbure.
Indwara ziterwa na virusi    Isoko:  farmsweekly.co.za	Hafi virusi 17 nizo byagaragaye ko zifata urusenda. Izifatwa nk’ izigira ingaruka mu bigendanye n’ ubukungu muri Africa zirimo mozayike ya Alfalfa, chilli veinal mottle, mozayike ya kokombre, pepper veinal mottle, potato Y, tobacco etch, tobacco mosaic, kuma ibibarabara mu nyanya no kwihinahina kw’ amababi y’ urusenda.  Inyinshi muri izi virusi zikwirakwizwa n’ udukoko, imbuto irwaye n’ izindi nkeya zigakwirakwizwa binyuze mu mashini zikoreshwa mu buhinzi. Ibimenyetso birimo ihuzamirongo rya mozayike ku mababi, guhinduka umuhondo, ibibara by’ uruziga, kwangirika kw’ amababi cyangwa gucikagurika, guhinamirana kw’ amababi no/cyangwa kugwingira kw’ ibihingwa. Zishobora no gutera kugabanuka kw’ ingano y’ imbuto, gucikagurika na/cyangwa ibimenyetso by’ uruziga.	Hitamo amataliki yo gutera wirinda igihe udukoko dukwirakwiza indwara tuba ari twinshi. Egeranya imyaka kugirango imwe ijye ijya mu cyimbo cy’ iyarwaye. Tera n’ imyaka izitira virusi ngo zidakwirakwira. Tera imiti ishingiye ku mavuta kugirango ugabanye ikwirakwira rya virusi rikozwe n’ udusurira. Sasiza isaso irabagirana kugirango wirukane ubusurira n’ udusimba twa thrips. Koresha imbuto y’ indobanure idafite indwara mu gihe hari virusi ya Mozayiki y’ itabi.
Kubora kw’ impera y’ umusogwe. (Imikorere mibi y’ ingingo) Isoko:  extension.unh.edu	Impera y’ urubuto igira ibara ryenda gusa n’ umweru kugeza ku nzobe kandi igasa n’ iyacengeye mo imbere. Ibimenyetso birushaho kugaragara maze ibara ry’ ukubora rigahinduka inzobe yijimye kugera hafi ku mukara uko urubuto rukura.	Ongerera ubutaka kalisiyumu wongeramo ishwagara, dolomite, ingwa cyangwa ifumbire yaboze ikomoka ku matungo mbere yo gutera ingemwe. Vomerera bihoraho utume ubutaka bukikije imizi buguma buhehereye. Irinde amafumbire afite ingano nyinshi ya azote.

 

11.              Gusarura, gufata neza umusaruro no guhunika urusenda  

Umusaruro wa toni 30 kugera kuri 70 ufatwa ko ari mwiza. Insenda zisoromwa cyane cyane iyo zakuze neza ariko zigisa n’ icyatsi. Insenda zishobora kwemererwa guhindura ibara zigasa n’ umutuku cyangwa umuhondo bitewe n’ amahitamo y’ umuguzi. Hagomba gukoranwa ubwitonzi mu gusarura, gushyira mu byiciro no gupakira imbuto. Zikomereka byoroshye kandi ibi bigomba kwirindwa kuko byorohereza kubora.

1. Gushyira mu byiciro

Gushyira urusenda mu byiciro bishingira ku ibara, ingano n’ ingano y’ ubukure. Pakira imbuto uzitandukanyije ushingiye ku byiciro mbere yo kuzohereza ku isoko. Ibihombo bikomoka ku gushyira mu byiciro ku rwego rw’ umuhinzi ni 5-8%. Niba gushyira mu byiciro ku rwego rw’ umuhinzi bidakozwe neza, ikindi gihombo cya 4-5% mu musaruro kiba gishoboka.

2. Gupakira

Urusenda rushobora gupakirwa mu bintu bitandukanye: uduhago twa poliyetilene, imigozi ya poliyetilene cyangwa uduhago tw’ impapuro.

3. Guhunika

Urusenda rwabikwa ahantu hakonje, hijimye kandi humutse mu gihe kijya kungana n’ umwaka. Kuko iki gicuruzwa gitanga impumuro ikomeye, ni ukukibika mu yindi nzu iri kure bishoboka. Ubushyuhe mu bubiko bugira ingaruka ziruta iz’ urumuri, umwuka, ubwoko bw’ icyo zibitsemo cyangwa kuba iki kirungo cyaba kibitse mu mwimerere wacyo cyangwa giseye.

4. Ubwikorezi

Muri rusange, abahinzi bakoresha utunyabiziga dutwara imizigo cyangwa taragiteri mu kohereza umusaruro ku isoko ribegereye. Kuva mu myanya yahariwe isoko, umusaruro ujyanwa kure mu makamyo asanzwe. Gupakira neza, ubwitonzi mu kuriza no gupakurura imodoka n’ ubwikorezi bwihuse bigabanya ukwangirika kw’ imbuto.

5. Gutunganya

 Urusenda (Capsicum spp.) ruribwa rukiri umwimerere cyangwa rwumishijwe rugatunganywamo ibicuruzwa bitandukanye nk’ amasosi, ibirungo bifite ishusho y’ ifu na za shokora.

12.              Icuruzwa   

Ntabwo urusenda rucuruzwa gusa rugitoshye, ahubwo rushobora gutunganywamo ibicuruzwa nk’ uduce twarwo, ifu, amavuta n’ amasosi bigamije isoko ry’ imbere mu gihugu n’ iryo hanze yacyo. Gutungwanywa birwongerera uburame n’ ibiciro ku isoko. Urusenda rugitoshye rushobora gusarurirwa mu byo rubikwamo bifite ibirango bigaragaza izina ry’ umuhinzi mu rwego rwo kuzamura imenyekanishabikorwa cyangwa amakereti ya pulastiki. Urusenda rurakenerwa cyane mu maduka, amahoteli, resitora n’ ingo. Runakoreshwa mu gukora imiti. Urusenda rwo mu Rwanda rwoherezwa kandi mu bwongereza, ubuhorandi, ubufaransa n’ ububiligi no mu bihugu bituranye. Agaciro mu bijyanye n’ intungamubiri k’ urusenda rwo mu Rwanda, kimwe n’ izindi, ntabwo kakirengagizwa, kuko ari isoko ikomeye ya vitamini C, A, urunyurane rwa vitamini B n’ imyunyu ngugu nka Manganeze, ubutare, Potasiyumu na Manyeziyumu. Kapusayisini izibamo ifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya bagiteri, diabete, ibinyabutabire by’ uburozi no kurwanya ububabare. Runafasha kugabanya ingano y’ amavuta ya kolesteroli mu mubiri, rufasha mu igogora, rugafasha mu kuvura indwara yo kunanuka, kubabara imikaya n’ ingingo.

Urusenda rukarishye rutukura rwo mu Rwanda hagendewe ku ngano, imbuto (ibitumbwe) mu cyiciro gito ijya mu makarito y’ ingano ya 11/9 hashyirwamo insenda 90 ku gakarito. Imbuto (ibitumbwe) zo mu cyiciro kiringaniye ijya mu makarito angana n’ aya mbere ku mubare w’ imbuto 75 kugera muri 85 ku ikarito. Imbuto (ibitumbwe) zo mu cyiciro kinini yo ishyirwamo ku mubare wa 45 kugera ku misogwe 55. Dusoza igikorwa cyo gupakira dushyira ibirango bikwiriye by’ izina ry’ umusaruro, italiki yo gupakira, inkomoko n’ uburemere bwite.

Urusenda rwo mu Rwanda rubikwa ahantu hakonje, humutse kandi hagabanya ukumagara. Ubushyuhe bugumishwa kuri 0^oC. Icyumba kiguma cyijimye mu kwirinda ko urumuri rwatuma imbuto zitakaza ibara ryazo. Umuzigo ujyanwa ku kibuga cy’ indege i Kigali mu buryo bwihuse kandi bugezweho mu modoka zikonjesha kugirango umusaruro ugere ku muguzi mu munsi umwe cyangwa ibiri.

Urusenda rugisarurwa rupakiwe rugiye koherezwa mu mahanga  https://fortuneofafrica.com/rwanda/chilli/

Amashakiro

http://www.ehinga.org/eng/articles/chilli/varieties

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsicum_frutescens

https://www.doc-developpement-durable.org/file/programmes-de sensibilisations/biodiversite/conflit_avec_faunes/Chilli_Growing_PACE.pdf

https://worldofchillies.com/chillinutrient-guide/chilli-plant-nutrient-guide.html

https://www.international-climate-initiative.com/fileadmin/Dokumente/2019/20190708_BAP_Chilli.pdf

http://agropedia.iitk.ac.in/content/chilli-whitefly

https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/chilli-pepper/info