AMAHUGURWA KU GUFATA NEZA UMUSARURO W’ URUSENDA

1.0 Iriburiro

Iyi nyigisho izakoreshwa mu guhugura abakozi bakorana n’ abahinzi nabo bakazahugura abahinzi (amahugurwa y’ abahugura). Ibyiciro byombi by’ amahugurwa bizakorwa mu buryo bw’ ibiganiro kandi ingero zifatika zizakoreshwa herekanwa ibyo bahugurwaho. Kugirango hashobore gushyirwa mu bikorwa ibyo duhugurwamo, amahugurwa azabera hafi y’ umurima. Igihe bidashoboka, abahugurwa bazasura umurima mu gihe isarura no gufata neza umusarura bizaba birimo bikorwa.

Ibimenyetso by’ uko urusenda rweze bishobora guhinduka cyane bitewe n’ ubwoko, n’ icyo urusenda rugenewe gukoreshwa. Akenshi urusenda rukunze gusarurwa rukiri icyatsi kibisi, n’ uruhishije rukenewe kujya ku isoko rugitoshye. Urusenda rwo kumisha rusarurwa ruhishije neza. Kwita ku usaruro w’ urusenda bireba ibi byiciro byombi.

Imbuto n’ imboga zangirika mu bwinshi no mu bwiza hagati yo gusarurwa no kuribwa. Gutakaza ubuziranenge, nk’ ibijyanye no kuba zishobora kuribwa, kuba zujuje intungamubiri, agaciro zifite mu bitera imbaraga no kwemerwa n’ abaguzi kw’ imbuto zigifite umwimererere biruhije gusuzuma kuruta gusuzuma ingano.   Ibipimo by’ ubuziranenge, amahitamo y’ abaguzi n’ ubushobozi bwo kugura bihindagurika cyane hagati y’ ibihugu n’ imico, kandi uko gutandukanya bigira ingaruka zifatika ku gushobora gucuruzwa n’ igipimo tuvugaho ko umusaruro wangiritse.

Tizi nyigisho zigamije gufasha abahinzi baciririrtse b’ imboga kunguka ubumenyi mu:

1.Gushobora kumenya ibimenyetso byo kwera k’ urusenda kugirango hasarurwe ibyo byiciro bibiri (isoko ry’ urutoshye n’ urwumishijwe)

2.Gushyira mu ngiro uburyo bukwiye bwo gusarura urusenda.

3.Gushyira mu ngiro ibikorwa byo gutoranya no gushyira mu byiciro.

4.Kumenya ibyangiza urusenda n’ uburyo bwo kubyirinda.

5.Ibyerekeye kubanza gukonjesha urusenda

6.Gushyira mu ngiro ibikorwa byo kumisha urusenda

7.Gushyira mu ngiro ibikorwa byo gupfunyika no guhunika urusenda.

2.0      Ibyitabwaho mbere yo gusarura

Urusenda (Capsicum annuum L.) rubarizwa mu muryango wa za solanase ( hamwe n’ ibirayi, intoryi,..). Hari amoko menshi ahingwa y’ urusenda afite imbuto zitandukannye ku mabara, ishusho n’ ikigero cyo gukariha ( rukarishye cyangwa ruryohera).  Igihingwa cy’ urusenda kigomba gusurwa igihe cyose rukiri mu murima kugirango hasuzumwe niba umusaruro n’ ubuziranenge bizahura n’ ibyo isoko risaba. Ariko rero, ibipimo byinshi by’ ubuziranenge bishobora gupimwa nyuma yo gusarura birimo ikigero cyo kwera, ubutohe, kuba rytarangwaho indwara, gukomereka, udusimba, kubora ko ku mpera y’ igihembwe, kubaburwa n’ izuba no kwangizwa n’ imbeho.

Muri rusange, urusenda rwasaruwe igihembwe kiri kurangira ruzagira ubuziranenge bwo hasi, bityo rukamara igihe kigufi kurusha izasaruwe mbere cyangwa hagati mu gihembwe.

Gukomera kw’ imbuto n’ikigero cyo gutakaza amazi ni ikimenyetso cy’ ingenzi ko urusenda rutoshye. Urusenda rutoshye rw’ icyatsi kibisi rutakaza amazi vuba cyane nyuma yo gusarurwa rugatangira kunamba rugahindura ibara mu minsi mike cyane iyo rutabitswe muri firigo. Uruti rw’ urusenda rwakagombye kuba rukomeye kandi icyatsi kibisi. Kwijima, kunamba cyangwa kubora kw’ uruti bigaragaza ko urusenda rumaze igihe kinini rusaruwe. Hitamo urusenda rwujuje ibisabwa n’ isoko uteganya kurugurishaho. Akenshi kwera bisuzumwa hakurikijwe ibirango bigaragara nk’ ingano, ishusho, ibara no gukomera. Inyinshi mu nsenda zikuze z’ icyatsi kibisi, zigomba kuba zikomeye kandi zisa n’ icyatsi kibisi kijimye. Iyo insenda ari icyatsi kibisi cyerurutse kandi zigacika vuba iyo uzikanze, ziba zitarera. Urusenda rw’ icyatsi kibisi zo gushyira mu bikombe zigomba kuba zibwase zifite ibisate bibiri kandi zireshya hafi  na cm 15 z’ uburebure. Ubwoko bumeze nk’ inzogera zigimba kuba ari ngari, zikomeye, zikucagurika,zifite ibice bine.  Urwitwa Jalapeños rugomba kuba rufite umubyimba, rumeze nk’ umwiburungushure, ari icyatsi kibisi gishashagirana kandi rureshya hafi na 7cm z’ uburebure na 3cm z’ ubugari.

3.0      Gusarura

Mu gihe cyo gusarura no kwita ku rusedna nyuma yo gusarurwa. Ni ngombwa kwibuka ko imbuto z’ urusenda zoroha vuba kandi indwara zikazifata vuba iyo zangiritse, cyngwa zashyizwe ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru igihe kirekire.  Amoko yose y’ insenda, by’ umwihariko iza New Mexican z’ icyatsi kibisi, zizahazwa cyane no gutakaza amazi, kubaburwa n’ izuba no kwangizwa n’ ubushyuhe.  Ibi bibazo biba bishobora kubaho iyo urusenda rurekewe ku zuba mu gihe kirenze isaha. Urusedna rusaruwe mu gihe cy’ impeshyi rushobora kugira ubushyuhe bwo ku ruhu bwa 90°F (32°C) cyangwa kurenza. Kubera izi mpamvu zose, urusenda rugomba gusarurwa kare mu gitondo, rugashirwa mu gicucu zigakonjeshwa vuba bishoboka. Iyo urusenda rukonjeshejwe mu gihe cy’ isaha 1 cyangwa 2, zizatangira kugaragaza ibimenyetso byo gutakaza amazi no koroha.

Urusenda rutoshye rusarurwa ari icyatsikibisi zikuze cyangwa zihishije zisa n’ ibara ry’ ubwo bwoko. Gusarura bikorwa akenshi n’ intoki ziurndwa hamwe cyangwa zishyirwa mu mifuka hanyuma zigashirwa mu byo zitwarwamo zijyanwa aho gupfunyikwa hapfutse cyangwa guhindurwa ukundi.  Umurima w’ urusenda rurerure rw’ icyatsikibisi ushobira gusarurwa mu ntangiriro za Kanama no muri Nzeli. Isarura rya gatatu rizatanga imbuto nto, zishobora kudatanga inyungu. Igihe zigeze mu gicucu, zishyirwa ku gitara cyangwa ku mitambiko igenda zigaterwa umuti cyangwa zikinikwa mu itanki yo kogerezwamo irimo korole (chlorinated : 500 – 600ppm).

Amatanki yo kogerezwamo agomba gusukurwa buri munsi n’ ikigero cya korole kigomba kugenzurwa kenshi. Ibi bikorwa by’ isukura ni ngombwa kubeako urusenda rwibasirwa cyane n’ indwara ziterwa bagiteri zishobora kwinjira mu matanki yo kogerezwamo. Nyuma y’ aho imbuto ziratoranywa hagakurwamo izirwaye, izihishije cyane, iziteze, n’ izindi zose zigaragaza inenge. Urusenda kandi rushobora gushyirwa muri sulfur dioxide (0.4% sodium cyangwa potassium metabisulphite mu mazi asukuye). Uko kwinikwa kombi kugomba kumara nibura iminota 2. Kwinikwa bigomba gukurikirwa no kumutswa k’ urusenda mbere yo gupfunyikwa cyangwa kumisha. Iki gikorwa gifasha gusukura urusenda bikarurinda guterwa na za mikorobe mu gihe co guhuniwa cyangwa kumishwa (iyo bikozwe).

4.0      Kwita ku rusenda nyuma yo gusarurwa

4.1 Kubanza gukonjesha no guhunika

Urusenda rutoshye ni umusaruro wangirika vuba cyane. Gukonjesha uko bikwiye bituma urusenda rutinda kwangirika binyuze mu kugabanya guhumeka, gtakaza amzi, guhindura ibara no kubora. Ubushyuhe burenze 70°F (21°C) butuma urusenda ruhisha vuba binyuze mu guhumeka no gukora etilene. Uburyo bwiza bwo gukonjesha urusenda ni icyumba gikonje cyangwa no kunyuzamo umwuka ukonje.  Gukonjesha no guhunika ni ibikorwa bidafite aho bihuriye, bityo ibisabwa mu gukonjesha byihuse bigomba kubahirizwa hatitawe ku bisabwa mu kubika mu bukonje. 

Kubanza gukonjesha ifite umumaro wo kugabanya ubushyuhe bwo mu murima. Icyumba gikonjesha ni icyumba gikonje cyangwa firigo bihuzaa umusaruro n’ umwuka konje no kugabanya igipimo cy’ ubushyuhe. Udutete cyangwa udusanduku bigomba kugerekeranywa neza kugirango byorohereze umwuka kunyura muri buri kamwe.  Ibyumba bikonjesha bishobora gcibwamo ibice bibiri kugirango urusenda rugisarurwa zigifite ubushyuhe bwo mu murima zitandukana n’ izamaze gukonjeshwa.  

Gukonjesha hakoreshejwe umwuka ukonje ni uburyo bwo gukonjesha bufatika kandi yihutisha kugabanya ubushyuhe bwo mu murima kurusha icyumba gikonjesha. Gukonjesha hakoreshejwe umwuka ukonje, ibyuma bikurura umwuka mu dusanduku cyangwa mu dutete.  Ibyumba bikonjesha bishobora guhindurwamo ibyo gukoreshwamo umwuka ukonje hongerwamo ibindi byuma bikurura umwuka. Umusaruro ushobora kandi gukonjeshwa hakoreshejwe amazi akonje ya mu gitondo ku iriba cyangwa kuri robine.   Ibi bishobora guhuzwa no kwinika mu mazi arimo kolorina cyangwa sulfur dioxide. Mu kintu gitoya, uburyo bworoshye  bwo gukonjesha ni ugusarura karekare mu gitondo kugirango wungukire mu bukonje bwa mu gitondo, ugahita urujyana mu gicucu.

Ibisabwa mu guhunika urusenda rutoshye ni kuva kuri 45 kugeza 50°F (7-10°C) n’ ubuhehere bwa 90 kugeza kuri 95% . Ubukonje bwinshi bwangiza urusenda. Ibimenyetso byo kwangizwa n’ ubukonje bwinshi ni ugufabagana/ guhobagana,   gucika no kwiyongera kwibasirwa no kubora. Kwangirika biturutse ku bukonje bwinshi biba kuri 32°F (0°C). urusenda rugisarurwa rushobora kubikwa ibyumweru 2 kugeza kuri 3 iyo rubitse ahapfutse ku gipimo gikwiye cy’ ubushyuhe. Urusenda rugomba gutwarwa mu modoka zikonjesha ariko izo modoka ntizigomba gukoreshwa mu gikorwa cyo kubanza gukonjesha kuberako imodoka zikonjesha zidafite ubushobozi bukwiye bwo gukonjesha cyangwa gutanga umwuka byakuramo ubushyuhe vuba vuba. Gukonjesha mbere yo gupakira bikorwa ku musaruro wari wakonjeshejwe mbere kugirango ukomeze ukonje mu gihe cyo gutwarwa.

Kuzishyira ku gipimo cy’ ubushyuhe kidakwiye no gukora etilene mu gihe cyo kubikwa cyangwa zitegereje kugenda byihutisha guhisha no kubora. Imbuto zimwe n’ imboga zikora etilene nyinshi kurusha urusenda. Ku bw’ iyo mpamvu, urusedna ntirugomba gutwarwa hamwe n’ imbuto nk’ inyanya, amapome cyangwa meloni. Icyumba cyo kubikamo kigomba kuba gifite umwuka uhagije kugirango bigabanye ko etilene iba nyinshi. Gushyira mu cyumba cyo kubikamo cyangwa mu modoka irutwara ku cyambu/ ku ndege ibiburizamo etilene birimo potassium permanganate bigabanya ikigero cya etilene.

4.2 Kurobanura no gushyira mu byiciro

Kurobanura / gutoranya ni kimwe mu bikorwa bya nyuma yo gusarurwa gikorwa hagamijwe kubona urusenda rwujuje ubuziranenge busabwa n’ isoko. Abaguzi mu miryango, inganda z’ ibiribwa, amahoteli, superimarishe, na resitora bafite ibyo basaba bitandukanye.

Urusenda rutukura rubarwa ko ruutoshye iyo ruhishije kandi rutukura, rotaboze, rufite ishusho nziza, rutangiritse, kandi rutarangwaho ibyonnyi cyangwa indwara. Hakurikijwe ijanisha ry’ inenge, urusenda rushyirwa mu byiciro bitatu by’ ubuziranenge: ikirenga, icyambere n’ icya kabiri. Uyu munsi , gutoranya no gushyira mu byiciro biracyakorwa hakoreshejwe intoki hakoreshejwe kiwtegereza n’ amaso. Ubu buryo ntibuboneye rwose kuko ushobora gusanga urusenda rwashyizwe mu cyiciro kimwe rudahuye ijana ku ijana bitewe n’ ubushobozi buke bw’ ijisho ry’ umuntu, kunanirwa, no gutanukana k’ uko abareba bumva ubuziranenge.    

Kugena ubuziranenge bw’ urusenda nyuma yo kurutoranya rwose bitwara igihe kirekire kandi ibi bishobora kwangiza ubuziranenge bw’ urusenda nyuma yo gusarurwa. Ibi bishobora gukorwa mbere hakoreshwa uburyo n’ ibikoresho ku bafata ibyemezo mbere mbere y’ uko urusenda rutoranywa. Kubw’ iyo mpamvu, uburyo bw’ ikoranabuhanga bwihuta bwo kwita ku musaruro bushobora kwibeshya gake burakenewe kugirango urusenda rubashe gushyirwa mu bipimo bihuye byo gutoranya no gushyira mu byiciro. Bumwe mu buryo bw’ ikoranabuhanga bushobora gukorehwa ni uburyo uburyo bw’ amashusho kuko butangiza urubuto kandi hagakorwa byinshi mu gihe gito.  Kwifashisha amashusho hakoreshejwe igikoresho kigendanwa bishobora gukoreshwa ku bipimo bimwe nk’ ishusho, ingano, ibara, ugukomera, imbaraga, impumuro no gukorwaho.Gukoresha imashini, gusuzuma byihuse no kugabanya kwibeshya k’ umuntu ni zimwe mu nyungu zo gukoresha uburyo bw’amashusho, zashyizwemo imbaraga n’ abaguzi n’ inganda.  Hamwe no guteza imbere ubu buryo, hiringiwe ko bushobora kuba uburyo bwo gufata icyemezo mu kugena ubuziranenge bw’ urusenda rutukura. Byongeye kandi, umuguzi ntaba ashaka gutegereza gutoranya, bigomba gukorwa n’ ugurisha kugirango abone urusenda rwujuje ubuziranenge rwo kugurisha.

4.3 Gupfunyika

Ibintu bitandukanye byo gupfunyikamo bikoreshwa ku isoko ry’ urusenda ry’ imbere mu gihugu harimo ibitebo by’ imigano, udutete tw’ ibiti, udutete twa pulasitiki, n’ imifuka ya pulasitiki. Udutete twa pulasitiki turinda urusenda kwangizwa n’ ubuso bw’icyo rurimo kurusha ibindi kuko two dufite ubuso bunyerera, gukomera no koroha mu gutwarwa. Iniba ibitebo cyangwa udutete tw’ ibiti bikoreshejwe, uburyo bwo kurinda urusenda bugomba gukoreshwa nko gushyiramo ibitandukanya urusenda cyangwa gusasamo ibyatsi cyangwa ibinyamakuru bishaje no gufunga neza icyo gikoresho rushyirwamo.

Ibitebo birimo urusedna ntibigomba kugerekeranywa, keretse hashyizwemo ikibitandukanya hagati. Imifuka ya pulasitiki cyangwa udufuka tw’ utuyungiro si byiza keretse nabyo bishyizwe mu kindi kintu gikomeye. Ku badandaza, urusenda rutoshye rushobora gushyirwa mu mifuka ya pulasitiki ipfumaguye kandi ifunze neza, ishobora kurugaragaza neza. Ibi bigomba gukorwa neza no gushyirwaho ibirango ku buryo bukwiye.

4.4 ubwikorezi no gufata neza ku isoko

Urusedna rwangirika vuba bitewe no gutsikamirwa cyane cyane iyo rutwawe mu mifuka cyangwa mu bikapu. Kwiyasa, gusaduka cyangwagukomereka uko ariko kose bizatuma habaho kubora koroshye tubona ku ishusho ya 2.  Imbuto zitwarwa mu mifuka zivunika byoroshye. Ibyiza ni ugutwara mu bintu bikomeye bya pulasitiki; birinda urubuto kwiyasa no gusaduka. Urusenda rero rugomba gutwaranwa ubwitonzi bwinshi hirindwa kwiyasa no gusaduka. Kwiyasa cyangwa gusaduka bizaba inzira yo gukura kwa bagiteri n’ uruhumbu, bituma habaho kubora kwihuse k’ urusenda, kwangirika kwihuse, gutakaza ibara, no gucika kw’ ibice bimwe na bimwe, bikaba ari ibimenyetso biranga kwangirika. Uretse ibikorwa kugirango zihishe, gutwara no kwita ku rusedna bikorwa nk’ uko bikorwa ku nyanya. Ku isoko, urusenda rugomba kubikwa rwumye. Urusenda ntirugomba kugira aho ruhurira n’ imvura cyangwa gutota. Urusenda rugomba kurindwa umukungugu, ibyonnyi kugirango urusenda rukomeze ruse neza kandi rusukuye. Gushyira urusenda mu modoka bigomba gukorwa urusenda rudatsindagiwe kuko byatuma rwangirika bityo rukabora vuba..

5.0      Impamvu zo kwangirika k’ urusedna nyuma yo gusarurwa

Gutakaza amazi bituma habaho kunamba no gutakaza ibiro – byirindwa habaho gupfunyika neza no kubika mu cyumba gipfutse n’ ubuhehere buri hejuru ya 80%.

Kwangizwa na za mikorobe– byirindwa zinikwa mu mazi arimo kolorina na Sulphur dioxide .

Gukomereka bituma habaho kwangirika vuba bitewe no gutakaza amazi na za mikorobe – kwirinda kuzitsindagira no kuzitwara neza.

6.0  Indwara n’ ibyonnyi nyuma yo gusarura

I.  Kubora koroshye guterwa na bagiteri

Kubora koroshye guterwa na bagiteri zo mu bwoko bwa  Erwina sp. N’ ubwo kubora bigaragara nyuma yo gusarurwa igihe zihunitswe, ibituma iyi ndwara ibaho biba igihe cyo gusarura no kwita ku musaruro bikurikiraho binyuze mu gukomereka, kwangirika kw’ inkondo, kwangizwa n’ inzara n’ ibindi. Mu by’ ukuri kwangirika k’ uruhu cyangwa inkondo byongerera urubuto gufatwa na za bagiteri zateza kubora. Gutera umuti urimo kolore (chlorinated sprays, 50-75 ppm) cyangwa Milton kuri  500 ppm byagaragaje kugabanya cyane kubora kwa nyuma yo gusarurwa.

II.Akaribata (Anthracnose)

Iki ni ikibazo gitangirira mu murima. Akaribata ni indwara iterwa n’ agahumyo igaragara ku ruhu rw’ imbuto. Ibimenyetso byiganje ni ibidomo byiburungushuye byirabura. Imbuto zigitangira guhindura ibara zigaragaza ibi bimenyetso kurusha izikuze z’ icyatsi kibisi.  Kgaragara kw’ ibi bimenyetso ku mbuto zitangiye guhindura ibara bivugako n’ izikuze zikiri icyatsikibisi zishobora nazo gufatwa ariko ibimenyetso bigaragara biboneka mu bubiko. Kwita ku rusenda mu murima hakoreshejwe amahame yo kurwanya ibyonnyi mu buryo bukomatanyije ni uburyo bwiza bwo kwirinda iyi ndwara.

Ishusho 3 Urusenda rwafashwe n’ akaribata

7.0      Gusuzuma amahugurwa

Iri suzuma rishobora gukorwa nk’ isuzuma ryandise ryihuse mu gihe cy’ amahugurwa y’ abakozi. Naho ku bahinzi, isuzuma ryakorwa mu buryo bw’ ibiganiro biyobowe, muri rusange, uhugura abaza ibibazo bituma abona ibisubizo. Isuzuma rigamije kumenya ikigero i cy’ ubumenyi abahuguwe bungutse:.

1. Sobanura ibiranga ko urusenda rutoshye rweze rwo gusarurwa.
2. Sobanura uburyo bwo gusarura urusenda rutoshye.
3. Sobanura uburyo bwo gutoranya no gushyira mu byiciro urusenda rutoshye.
4. Vuga impamvu zo kwangirika kw’ urusenda rutoshye mu bubiko n’ uko byakirindwa.
5. Sobanura uko barinda urusenda gufatwa na za mikorobe n’ impamvu bikorwa
6. Sobanura uko urusedna rubanza gukonjeshwa n’ impamvu z’ icyo gikorwa. Ni gute umuhinzi ucirirtse ashobora kwirinda icyo gikorwa
7. Sobanura kumisha urusedna n’ akamaro kabyo
8. Vuga uburyo bukwiye bwo gupfunyika urusenda rutoshye rwo guhunikwa no kudandaza
9. Vuga ibisabwa mu buuhunikiro bw’ urusenda rutoshye n’ urwumye